9129767 BJ844U2D 1 apa 50 date desc year Merrifield 18 https://mamerrifield.scrippsprofiles.ucsd.edu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A100%2C%22request_next%22%3A50%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZCATIQHE%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hale%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-07-28%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHale%2C%20M.%20L.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20Clemesha%2C%20R.%20E.%20S.%2C%20Gershunov%2C%20A.%2C%20Guirguis%2C%20K.%2C%20Benmarhnia%2C%20T.%2C%20Dorman%2C%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Iacobellis%2C%20S.%20F.%20%282024%29.%20Mean%20Summer%20Land%20Temperatures%20in%20the%20Southern%20California%20Coastal%20Zone%3A%20Connections%20With%20Ocean%20Processes.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Atmospheres%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E129%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2814%29%2C%20e2023JD040188.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2023JD040188%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2023JD040188%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Mean%20Summer%20Land%20Temperatures%20in%20the%20Southern%20California%20Coastal%20Zone%3A%20Connections%20With%20Ocean%20Processes%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hale%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20E.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clemesha%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gershunov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Guirguis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Benmarhnia%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dorman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Iacobellis%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20The%20cooling%20effect%20of%20the%20ocean%20on%20the%20Southern%20California%20coastal%20zone%20is%20investigated%20using%20a%20high%5Cu2010resolution%20%284%5Cu2010km%29%20gridded%20surface%20meteorological%20data%20set%20%28gridMET%29%20of%20daily%20maximum%20temperature%20%28Tmax%29%2C%20with%20focus%20on%20summer%20mean%20conditions%2C%20taken%20as%20the%20July%5Cu2013August%5Cu2013September%20%28JAS%29%20average.%20An%20empirical%20orthogonal%20function%20analysis%20reveals%20a%20coastal%20mode%20of%20JAS%20temperature%20covariability%2C%20distinct%20from%20a%20more%20energetic%20inland%20mode%2C%20that%20captures%20Tmax%20averaged%20across%20the%20Southern%20California%20coastal%20plain.%20The%20coastal%20mode%20temperature%20correlates%20significantly%20with%2C%20and%20has%20similar%20amplitude%20to%2C%20regional%20sea%20surface%20temperature%20%28SST%29.%20High%20%28low%29%20summer%20land%20and%20sea%20surface%20temperatures%2C%20as%20well%20as%20inversion%20layer%20temperature%20differences%2C%20are%20associated%20with%20decreases%20%28increases%29%20of%20northerly%20coastal%20wind%20speeds%20and%20coastal%20cloudiness.%20The%20number%20of%20extreme%20heat%20days%20on%20land%20increases%20as%20regional%20SST%20increases%20%284.3%5Cu00a0days%5Cu00a0%5Cu00b0C%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cu22121%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%29%2C%20with%20heat%20wave%20days%2010%20times%20more%20likely%20during%20peak%20warm%20versus%20cool%20coastal%20mode%20years.%20The%20coastal%20zone%20was%20notably%20warmer%20and%20heat%20wave%20days%20peaked%20during%20the%20well%20documented%20marine%20heat%20wave%20events%20of%202014%5C%2F15%20and%202018%20off%20Southern%20California.%20The%20marine%20variability%20associated%20with%20the%20coastal%20mode%20also%20has%20strong%20expression%20off%20the%20Baja%20California%20peninsula%2C%20presumably%20due%20to%20strong%20covarying%20winds%20in%20that%20area.%20As%20in%20previous%20studies%2C%20higher%20ocean%20temperatures%20are%20attributed%20to%20weaker%20summer%20winds%2C%20with%20associated%20reductions%20in%20ocean%20surface%20heat%20loss%2C%20coastal%20upwelling%2C%20and%20cloudiness.%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2C%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Plain%20Language%20Summary%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Summer%20land%20temperatures%20across%20the%20Southern%20California%20coastal%20plain%20are%20moderated%20by%20proximity%20to%20the%20ocean%2C%20yet%20connections%20between%20year%5Cu2010to%5Cu2010year%20changes%20in%20summer%20land%20and%20ocean%20temperatures%20have%20not%20been%20fully%20quantified.%20Averages%20of%20July%5Cu2013September%20temperatures%20across%20the%20coastal%20plain%20are%20well%20described%20by%20a%20single%20mode%20of%20variability%2C%20which%20contributes%20to%20the%20number%20of%20extreme%20heat%20days%20in%20a%20given%20summer.%20Anomalously%20warm%20coastal%20land%20conditions%20are%20associated%20with%20reduced%20wind%20speeds%20and%20cloud%5C%2Ffog%20coverage%20and%2C%20most%20notably%2C%20warmer%20sea%20surface%20temperatures%20over%20the%20Southern%20California%20Bight%20and%20extending%20southward%20along%20the%20Baja%20California%20peninsula.%20Weak%20summer%20winds%20bring%20a%20reduction%20in%20ocean%20surface%20heat%20loss%2C%20coastal%20upwelling%2C%20and%20cloudiness%2C%20which%20contribute%20to%20higher%20sea%20surface%20temperatures.%20Strong%20winds%20lead%20to%20the%20opposite%20effect.%20This%20study%20highlights%20the%20multiple%20connections%20between%20marine%20and%20land%20heat%20waves%20in%20the%20SoCal%20region.%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2C%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Key%20Points%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Summer%5Cu2010averaged%20daily%20maximum%20land%20temperatures%20exhibit%20coherent%20spatial%20variations%20across%20the%20Southern%20California%20coastal%20plain%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Coastal%20land%20temperatures%20covary%20with%20regional%20ocean%20temperatures%20at%20a%20similar%20amplitude%2C%20as%20well%20as%20with%20surface%20winds%20and%20cloud%20cover%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20The%20number%20of%20extreme%20temperature%20days%20in%20the%20coastal%20zone%20varies%20with%20ocean%20conditions%2C%20notably%20during%20recent%20marine%20heat%20waves%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-07-28%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2023JD040188%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222169-897X%2C%202169-8996%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2023JD040188%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22EW3V3PSJ%22%2C%22BJ844U2D%22%2C%227J6PFJNF%22%2C%228U6EVDVF%22%2C%22S8W2BV24%22%2C%22SSJEK2D9%22%2C%22SS6XDERI%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-08-30T21%3A27%3A13Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22G9LIU68R%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Barnes%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-03-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBarnes%2C%20A.%20T.%2C%20Becker%2C%20J.%20M.%2C%20Tagarino%2C%20K.%20A.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BReilly%2C%20W.%20C.%2C%20Siegelman%2C%20M.%2C%20Thompson%2C%20P.%20R.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%20%282024%29.%20Rising%20sea%20levels%20and%20the%20increase%20of%20shoreline%20wave%20energy%20at%20American%20Samoa.%20%3Ci%3EScientific%20Reports%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E14%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%205163.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41598-024-55636-y%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41598-024-55636-y%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Rising%20sea%20levels%20and%20the%20increase%20of%20shoreline%20wave%20energy%20at%20American%20Samoa%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Austin%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barnes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Janet%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Becker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kelley%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tagarino%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22William%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%5Cu2019Reilly%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mika%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Siegelman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philip%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thompson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20American%20Samoa%20is%20experiencing%20rapid%20relative%20sea%20level%20rise%20due%20to%20increases%20in%20global%20sea%20level%20and%20significant%20post-2009%20earthquake%20land%20subsidence%2C%20endangering%20homes%20and%20critical%20infrastructure.%20Wave%20and%20water-level%20observations%20collected%20over%20a%20fringing%20reef%20at%20Faga%5Cu2018itua%20Bay%2C%20American%20Samoa%2C%20in%202017%20reveal%20depth-limited%20shoreline%20sea-swell%20wave%20heights%20over%20the%20range%20of%20conditions%20sampled.%20Using%20field%20data%20to%20calibrate%20a%20one-dimensional%2C%20phase-resolving%20nonhydrostatic%20wave%20model%20%28SWASH%29%2C%20we%20examine%20the%20influence%20of%20water%20level%20on%20wave%20heights%20over%20the%20reef%20for%20a%20range%20of%20current%20and%20future%20sea%20levels.%20Assuming%20a%20fixed%20reef%20bathymetry%2C%20model%20results%20predict%20rising%20sea%20levels%20will%20escalate%20nearshore%20extreme%20water%20levels%20that%20are%20dominated%20by%20an%20increase%20in%20nearshore%20sea-swell%20wave%20heights.%20Model%20results%20provide%20insight%20into%20how%20and%20at%20what%20reef%20depths%20rising%20sea%20levels%20reduce%20reef%20capacity%20to%20dissipate%20wave%20energy%2C%20compounding%20shoreline%20threats.%20This%20study%20aims%20to%20bring%20increased%20attention%20to%20the%20immediate%20threats%20to%20American%20Samoa%5Cu2019s%20way%20of%20life%2C%20and%20to%20demonstrate%20the%20utility%20of%20SWASH%20for%20extrapolating%20wave%20transformation%20to%20future%20sea%20level.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-03-02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41598-024-55636-y%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222045-2322%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2Fs41598-024-55636-y%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22JMZW8RRJ%22%2C%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-04-12T20%3A53%3A23Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223CFX4ME7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Azouri%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAzouri%2C%20A.%2C%20Roeber%2C%20V.%2C%20Guiles%2C%20M.%20D.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%2C%20Becker%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Luther%2C%20D.%20S.%20%282024%29.%20Computations%20of%20energetic%20nearshore%20waves%3A%20Are%20weakly%20dispersive%20phase-resolving%20models%20telling%20the%20same%20story%3F%20%3Ci%3ECoastal%20Engineering%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E194%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20104625.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.coastaleng.2024.104625%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.coastaleng.2024.104625%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Computations%20of%20energetic%20nearshore%20waves%3A%20Are%20weakly%20dispersive%20phase-resolving%20models%20telling%20the%20same%20story%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Assaf%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Azouri%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Volker%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Roeber%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martin%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Guiles%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Janet%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Becker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Douglas%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Luther%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2212%5C%2F2024%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.coastaleng.2024.104625%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2203783839%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS037838392400173X%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22JMZW8RRJ%22%2C%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-10-22T16%3A44%3A34Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222U8V35XP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Adusumilli%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAdusumilli%2C%20S.%2C%20Cirrito%2C%20N.%2C%20Engeman%2C%20L.%2C%20Fiedler%2C%20J.%20W.%2C%20Guza%2C%20R.%20T.%2C%20Lange%2C%20A.%20M.%20Z.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BReilly%2C%20W.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Young%2C%20A.%20P.%20%282024%29.%20Predicting%20Shoreline%20Changes%20Along%20the%20California%20Coast%20Using%20Deep%20Learning%20Applied%20to%20Satellite%20Observations.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Machine%20Learning%20and%20Computation%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E1%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29%2C%20e2024JH000172.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2024JH000172%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2024JH000172%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Predicting%20Shoreline%20Changes%20Along%20the%20California%20Coast%20Using%20Deep%20Learning%20Applied%20to%20Satellite%20Observations%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Susheel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Adusumilli%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nicholas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cirrito%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Laura%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Engeman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Julia%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fiedler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Guza%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Athina%20M.%20Z.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lange%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22William%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Reilly%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Adam%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Understanding%20and%20predicting%20changes%20in%20shoreline%20location%20are%20critical%20for%20coastal%20planners.%20In%20situ%20monitoring%20is%20accurate%20but%20not%20widely%20available.%20Satellite%20observations%20of%20shorelines%20have%20global%20coverage%2C%20but%20their%20accuracy%20and%20predictive%20capacity%20have%20not%20been%20fully%20explored.%20Abundant%20beach%20surveys%20and%20extensive%20wave%20observations%20in%20Southern%20California%20provide%20a%20unique%20ground%20truth%20for%20the%20interpretation%20of%20satellite%5Cu2010derived%20recently%20wetted%20waterlines.%20We%20combine%2023%5Cu00a0years%20of%20waterline%20position%20estimates%20from%20satellite%20imagery%20with%20nearshore%20wave%20hindcasts%20and%20tides%20to%20train%20and%20test%20a%20deep%20neural%20network%20%28DNN%29.%20The%20trained%20DNN%20uses%20only%20tides%20and%20waves%20as%20predictors%20at%20transects%20with%20satellite%20coverage%20and%20wave%20estimates%20to%20predict%20beach%20width%20and%2C%20for%20the%20first%20time%2C%20seasonal%20average%20beach%20slopes.%20Beach%20width%20changes%20hindcast%20using%20DNN%20have%20at%20least%20fair%20skill%20%28%3E0.3%29%20for%2050%25%20of%20transects%2C%20where%20the%20skill%20was%20calculated%20relative%20to%20the%20mean%20of%20extensive%20new%20in%20situ%20survey%20data%20from%20in%20San%20Diego%20County.%20The%20DNN%20also%20predicted%20shoreline%20changes%20to%20within%2010%5Cu00a0m%20%28the%20nominal%20uncertainty%20in%20satellite%5Cu2010derived%20shorelines%29%20for%2064%25%20of%20transects%20lacking%20ground%20truth.%20DNN%20and%20survey%20estimates%20of%20seasonal%20beach%20slope%20changes%20also%20agree%20qualitatively.%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2C%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Plain%20Language%20Summary%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Monitoring%20changes%20in%20the%20width%20and%20slope%20of%20sandy%20beaches%20is%20crucial%20for%20effective%20coastal%20management%20and%20planning%20to%20mitigate%20risks%20of%20coastal%20erosion%20and%20flooding.%20Survey%20observations%20of%20beach%20widths%20using%20mobile%20laser%20scanners%20or%20drones%20are%20accurate%20but%20expensive%20to%20collect%20and%20unavailable%20for%20a%20large%20fraction%20of%20California%27s%20coastline.%20In%20this%20study%2C%20we%20combine%20satellite%20observations%20of%20changes%20in%20shoreline%20positions%20and%20a%20regional%20wave%20model%20to%20relate%20%28using%20machine%20learning%29%20waves%20and%20changes%20in%20beach%20width%20and%20slope.%20We%20use%20extensive%20survey%20observations%20in%20Southern%20California%20to%20validate%20the%20machine%20learning%20framework.%20We%20find%20that%20our%20machine%20learning%20framework%20allows%20us%20to%20make%20useful%20predictions%20of%20beach%20width%20change%20using%20only%20widely%20available%20tide%20and%20wave%20model%20outputs%20as%20input%20for%2050%25%20of%20the%20beaches%20considered.%20We%20also%20quantify%20seasonal%20changes%20in%20beach%20slope%20for%20the%20first%20time%2C%20important%20because%20steeper%20slopes%20in%20winter%20%28combined%20with%20large%20waves%29%20lead%20to%20increased%20flooding.%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2C%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Key%20Points%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20We%20apply%20deep%20learning%20to%20satellite%5Cu2010derived%20shorelines%20to%20hindcast%20changes%20in%20beach%20width%20using%20tide%20and%20wave%20model%20outputs%20as%20predictors%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20We%20validate%20these%20hindcasts%20against%20a%20large%20volume%20of%20unique%20in%20situ%20observations%20collected%20over%20Southern%20California%20beaches%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20The%20deep%20learning%20algorithm%20provides%20the%20first%20satellite%5Cu2010derived%20estimates%20of%20seasonal%20changes%20in%20beach%20slope%2C%20key%20for%20flood%20predictions%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2209%5C%2F2024%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2024JH000172%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222993-5210%2C%202993-5210%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2024JH000172%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22WP3XF63I%22%2C%22BJ844U2D%22%2C%22VZ4LIEJJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-11-08T00%3A24%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZJ264486%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lange%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELange%2C%20A.%20M.%20Z.%2C%20Fiedler%2C%20J.%20W.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Guza%2C%20R.%20T.%20%282024%29.%20Free%20Infragravity%20Waves%20on%20the%20Inner%20Shelf%3A%20Observations%20and%20Parameterizations%20at%20Two%20Southern%20California%20Beaches.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Oceans%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E129%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%288%29%2C%20e2023JC020378.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2023JC020378%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2023JC020378%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Free%20Infragravity%20Waves%20on%20the%20Inner%20Shelf%3A%20Observations%20and%20Parameterizations%20at%20Two%20Southern%20California%20Beaches%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20M.%20Z.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lange%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fiedler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Guza%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Numerical%20predictions%20of%20nearshore%20waves%20and%20shoreline%20runup%20are%20usually%20initialized%20on%20the%20inner%20shelf%2C%20seaward%20of%20the%20surfzone%2C%20with%20sea%5Cu2010swell%20%28SS%29%20waves%20from%20local%20wave%20buoys%20or%20regional%20wave%20models.%20Lower%20frequency%20infragravity%20%28IG%29%20waves%20are%20not%20reliably%20measured%20by%20buoys%20or%20included%20in%20regional%20models.%20Here%2C%20co%5Cu2010located%20pressure%20and%20velocity%20observations%20are%20used%20to%20characterize%20IG%20waves%20in%2010%5Cu201315%5Cu00a0m%20depth%20in%20southern%20California.%20Shoreward%20propagating%20IG%20waves%20are%20often%20dominated%20by%20free%20waves%2C%20with%20the%20boundwave%20energy%20fraction%20%3C30%25%20for%20moderate%20and%20low%20energy%20incident%20SS%20waves.%20Only%205%25%20of%20records%2C%20with%20energetic%20long%20swell%2C%20show%20primarily%20bound%20waves.%20The%20shoreline%20slope%20of%20concave%20beaches%20increases%20by%20%5Cu223c3%20between%20spring%20high%20and%20low%20tides%2C%20and%20free%20seaward%20and%20shoreward%20IG%20energy%20in%2010%5Cu201315%5Cu00a0m%20vary%20tidally.%20The%20observed%20linear%20dependency%20of%20free%20IG%20energy%20on%20SS%20energy%20and%20period%20is%20consistent%20with%20Ardhuin%20et%5Cu00a0al.%20%282014%2C%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.ocemod.2014.02.006%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%29%27s%20parameterization%20%28%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20R%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%202%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cu00a0%3D%5Cu00a00.71%29.%20Including%20the%20tide%20level%20as%20a%20proxy%20for%20beach%20slope%20and%20modifying%20the%20SS%20frequency%20dependency%20increases%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20R%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%202%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20to%200.91.%20The%20ratio%20of%20free%20seaward%20to%20shoreward%20propagating%20IG%20energy%20suggests%20between%2050%20and%20100%25%20of%20the%20energy%20radiated%20seaward%20in%20depths%20of%2010%5Cu201315%5Cu00a0m%20is%20trapped%20offshore%20and%20redirected%20shoreward.%20Free%20%28random%20phase%29%20and%20bound%20%28phase%5Cu2010coupled%29%20IG%20waves%20are%20combined%20to%20initialize%20the%20SWASH%20numerical%20model.%20SWASH%20predicted%20runup%20is%20only%20weakly%20influenced%20by%20waves%20at%20the%20offshore%20boundary.%20Nonlinear%20IG%20generation%20and%20dissipation%20in%20the%20shoaling%20and%20surfzone%20overwhelm%20the%20effects%20of%20shoreward%20propagating%20waves%20observed%20at%20the%20offshore%20boundary.%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2C%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Plain%20Language%20Summary%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Infragravity%20%28IG%29%20waves%20are%20long%5Cu2010period%20%2825%5Cu00a0s%5Cu20132.5%5Cu00a0min%29%20waves%20that%20contribute%20to%20coastal%20flooding%20and%20beach%20erosion.%20IG%20waves%2C%20generated%20near%20the%20shoreline%20by%20short%5Cu2010period%20sea%5Cu2010swell%20%28SS%29%20wave%20groups%20%28known%20by%20surfers%20as%20%5Cu201csets%5Cu201d%29%2C%20have%20long%20wavelengths%20%28100s%20of%20m%29%20and%20do%20not%20typically%20curl%20and%20break%20like%20ordinary%20sea%20and%20swell%20waves.%20Instead%2C%20they%20can%20be%20reflected%20off%20the%20beach%20face%20and%20propagate%20seaward.%20Our%20study%20concerns%20IG%20waves%20on%20the%20inner%20shelf%20%2810%5Cu201315%5Cu00a0m%20depth%2C%20%5Cu223c500%5Cu2013700%5Cu00a0m%20offshore%29%2C%20seaward%20of%20the%20main%20region%20of%20IG%20generation.%20Similar%20to%20previous%20observations%20in%20Hawai%27i%20and%20North%20Carolina%2C%20we%20find%20most%20of%20the%20reflected%2C%20seaward%5Cu2010going%20IG%20energy%20cannot%20reach%20deep%20water%20and%20is%20trapped%20on%20the%20continental%20shelf.%20We%20develop%20an%20observation%5Cu2010based%20estimate%20of%20IG%20wave%20energy%20on%20the%20inner%20shelf%20as%20a%20function%20of%20SS%20wave%20energy%20and%20tide%20level.%20Finally%2C%20we%20show%20with%20a%20numerical%20model%20that%20IG%20wave%20runup%20at%20the%20shoreline%20is%20influenced%20only%20weakly%20by%20IG%20waves%20on%20the%20inner%20shelf.%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2C%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Key%20Points%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Infragravity%20%28IG%29%20waves%20on%20the%20inner%20shelf%20%2810%5Cu201315%5Cu00a0m%20depth%29%20in%20San%20Diego%2C%20USA%20are%20often%20dominated%20by%20refractively%20trapped%20free%20waves%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Free%20IG%20energies%20are%20parameterized%20as%20a%20function%20of%20local%20sea%5Cu2010swell%20conditions%20and%20tide%20level%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Numerically%20modeled%20wave%20runup%20is%20only%20weakly%20influenced%20by%20the%20shoreward%20propagating%20IG%20waves%20observed%20at%20the%20offshore%20boundary%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2208%5C%2F2024%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2023JC020378%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222169-9275%2C%202169-9291%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2023JC020378%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22WP3XF63I%22%2C%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-08-29T23%3A03%3A33Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22LV7P76AC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Stevenson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-11-16%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EStevenson%2C%20S.%2C%20Cobb%2C%20K.%20M.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%2C%20Powell%2C%20B.%2C%20Sanchez%2C%20S.%2C%20Nusbaumer%2C%20J.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BConnor%2C%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Atwood%2C%20A.%20%282023%29.%20Contrasting%20Central%20Equatorial%20Pacific%20Oxygen%20Isotopic%20Signatures%20of%20the%202014%5C%2F2015%20and%202015%5C%2F2016%20El%20Ni%26%23xF1%3Bo%20Events.%20%3Ci%3EGeophysical%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E50%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2821%29%2C%20e2023GL104454.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2023GL104454%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2023GL104454%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Contrasting%20Central%20Equatorial%20Pacific%20Oxygen%20Isotopic%20Signatures%20of%20the%202014%5C%2F2015%20and%202015%5C%2F2016%20El%20Ni%5Cu00f1o%20Events%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stevenson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cobb%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Powell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sanchez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nusbaumer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%5Cu2019Connor%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Atwood%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Paleoclimate%20reconstructions%20of%20El%20Ni%5Cu00f1o%5C%2FSouthern%20Oscillation%20%28ENSO%29%20behavior%20often%20rely%20on%20oxygen%20isotopic%20records%20from%20tropical%20corals%20%28%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cu03b4%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2018%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20O%29.%20However%2C%20few%20reef%5Cu2010based%20observations%20of%20physical%20conditions%20during%20El%20Ni%5Cu00f1o%20events%20exist%2C%20limiting%20our%20ability%20to%20interpret%20coral%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cu03b4%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2018%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20O.%20Here%20we%20present%20physical%20and%20geochemical%20measurements%20from%20Palmyra%20Atoll%20%285.9%5Cu00b0N%2C%20162.1%5Cu00b0W%29%20from%202014%5Cu20132017%2C%20along%20with%20a%20data%20assimilation%20product%20using%20the%20isotope%5Cu2010enabled%20Regional%20Ocean%20Modeling%20System%20%28isoROMS%29.%20Coral%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cu03b4%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2018%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20O%20signals%20are%20comparably%20strong%20in%202014%5Cu20132015%20and%202015%5Cu20132016%3B%20notably%2C%20over%2050%25%20of%20the%20signal%20is%20driven%20by%20seawater%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cu03b4%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2018%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20O%2C%20not%20temperature.%20If%20a%20constant%20seawater%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cu03b4%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2018%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20O%3Asalinity%20relationship%20were%20present%2C%20this%20would%20imply%20a%20comparable%20salinity%20anomaly%20during%20both%20events.%20However%2C%20salinity%20changes%20are%20much%20larger%20during%202014%5Cu20132015%2C%20indicating%20a%20highly%20nonstationary%20relationship.%20isoROMS%20then%20shows%20that%20advection%20strongly%20influences%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cu03b4%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2018%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20O%20during%20both%20the%202014%5Cu20132015%20and%202015%5Cu20132016%20El%20Ni%5Cu00f1o%2C%20driving%20differences%20in%20the%20salinity%5C%2Fseawater%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cu03b4%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2018%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20O%20relationship.%20This%20demonstrates%20the%20need%20for%20considering%20ocean%20dynamics%20when%20interpreting%20coral%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cu03b4%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2018%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20O.%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2C%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Plain%20Language%20Summary%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Coral%20reefs%20record%20past%20El%20Ni%5Cu00f1o%20events%20through%20changes%20to%20their%20oxygen%20isotopic%20composition%2C%20but%20since%20very%20few%20observations%20exist%20of%20local%20reef%20conditions%20during%20El%20Ni%5Cu00f1o%2C%20the%20exact%20effects%20of%20El%20Ni%5Cu00f1o%20on%20local%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cu03b4%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2018%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20O%20are%20not%20well%20known.%20We%20measured%20oceanographic%20conditions%20at%20Palmyra%20Atoll%20during%20two%20El%20Ni%5Cu00f1o%20events%2C%20along%20with%20the%20isotopic%20compositions%20of%20seawater%2C%20rainwater%2C%20and%20corals%20themselves.%20Salinity%20changes%20were%20much%20stronger%20during%20the%20smaller%202014%5Cu20132015%20El%20Ni%5Cu00f1o%2C%20but%20the%20coral%20and%20seawater%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cu03b4%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2018%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20O%20changes%20were%20comparable%5Cu2014similar%20coral%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cu03b4%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2018%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20O%20changes%20came%20about%20for%20different%20reasons%20during%20these%20two%20events.%20Ocean%20dynamics%20appears%20to%20be%20the%20dominant%20factor%20in%20coral%20and%20seawater%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cu03b4%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2018%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20O%20anomalies.%20This%20indicates%20that%20properly%20interpreting%20results%20from%20coral%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cu03b4%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2018%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20O%20records%20requires%20considering%20how%20ocean%20circulation%20has%20varied%20in%20the%20past.%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2C%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Key%20Points%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20A%20new%20set%20of%20physical%20oceanographic%20and%20oxygen%20isotopic%20observations%20was%20collected%20at%20Palmyra%20Atoll%2C%20spanning%20two%20El%20Ni%5Cu00f1o%20events%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Palmyra%20experienced%20stronger%20seawater%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cu03b4%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2018%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20O%20changes%20during%20the%20weak%202014%5Cu20132015%20El%20Ni%5Cu00f1o%20than%20during%20the%20strong%202015%5Cu20132016%20El%20Ni%5Cu00f1o%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Oceanic%20dynamics%20strongly%20affect%20coral%20and%20seawater%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cu03b4%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2018%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20O%2C%20and%20must%20be%20considered%20when%20interpreting%20coral%5Cu2010based%20reconstructions%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-11-16%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2023GL104454%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220094-8276%2C%201944-8007%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2023GL104454%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-11-30T21%3A17%3A16Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2232DHTJCT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Byrne%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-04-27%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EByrne%2C%20S.%20M.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20Carter%2C%20M.%20L.%2C%20Cayan%2C%20D.%20R.%2C%20Flick%2C%20R.%20E.%2C%20Gershunov%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Giddings%2C%20S.%20N.%20%282023%29.%20Southern%20California%20winter%20precipitation%20variability%20reflected%20in%20100-year%20ocean%20salinity%20record.%20%3Ci%3ECommunications%20Earth%20%26amp%3B%20Environment%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E4%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%20143.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs43247-023-00803-8%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs43247-023-00803-8%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Southern%20California%20winter%20precipitation%20variability%20reflected%20in%20100-year%20ocean%20salinity%20record%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sierra%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Byrne%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Melissa%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Carter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Daniel%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cayan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Reinhard%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Flick%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexander%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gershunov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sarah%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Giddings%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Rainfall%20in%20southern%20California%20is%20highly%20variable%2C%20with%20some%20fluctuations%20explainable%20by%20climate%20patterns.%20Resulting%20runoff%20and%20heightened%20streamflow%20from%20rain%20events%20introduces%20freshwater%20plumes%20into%20the%20coastal%20ocean.%20Here%20we%20use%20a%20105-year%20daily%20sea%20surface%20salinity%20record%20collected%20at%20Scripps%20Pier%20in%20La%20Jolla%2C%20California%20to%20show%20that%20El%20Ni%5Cu00f1o%20Southern%20Oscillation%20and%20Pacific%20Decadal%20Oscillation%20both%20have%20signatures%20in%20coastal%20sea%20surface%20salinity.%20Averaging%20the%20freshest%20quantile%20of%20sea%20surface%20salinity%20over%20each%20year%5Cu2019s%20winter%20season%20provides%20a%20useful%20metric%20for%20connecting%20the%20coastal%20ocean%20to%20interannual%20winter%20rainfall%20variability%2C%20through%20the%20influence%20of%20freshwater%20plumes%20originating%2C%20at%20closest%2C%207.5%5Cu2009km%20north%20of%20Scripps%20Pier.%20This%20salinity%20metric%20has%20a%20clear%20relationship%20with%20dominant%20climate%20phases%3A%20negative%20Pacific%20Decadal%20Oscillation%20and%20La%20Ni%5Cu00f1a%20conditions%20correspond%20consistently%20with%20lack%20of%20salinity%20anomaly%5C%2F%20dry%20winters.%20Fresh%20salinity%20anomalies%20%28i.e.%2C%20wet%20winters%29%20occur%20during%20positive%20phase%20Pacific%20Decadal%20Oscillation%20and%20El%20Ni%5Cu00f1o%20winters%2C%20although%20not%20consistently.%20This%20analysis%20emphasizes%20the%20strong%20influence%20that%20precipitation%20and%20consequent%20streamflow%20has%20on%20the%20coastal%20ocean%2C%20even%20in%20a%20region%20of%20overall%20low%20freshwater%20input%2C%20and%20provides%20an%20ocean-based%20metric%20for%20assessing%20decadal%20rainfall%20variability.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-04-27%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs43247-023-00803-8%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222662-4435%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2Fs43247-023-00803-8%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z9IGEY6D%22%2C%222CJDBIH8%22%2C%22BJ844U2D%22%2C%227J6PFJNF%22%2C%22DU8RFMGU%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-05-23T17%3A45%3A52Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SKCNK7C9%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Sangsefidi%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESangsefidi%2C%20Y.%2C%20Barnes%2C%20A.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Davani%2C%20H.%20%282023%29.%20Data-driven%20analysis%20and%20integrated%20modeling%20of%20climate%20change%20impacts%20on%20coastal%20groundwater%20and%20sanitary%20sewer%20infrastructure.%20%3Ci%3ESustainable%20Cities%20and%20Society%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E99%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20104914.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.scs.2023.104914%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.scs.2023.104914%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Data-driven%20analysis%20and%20integrated%20modeling%20of%20climate%20change%20impacts%20on%20coastal%20groundwater%20and%20sanitary%20sewer%20infrastructure%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yousef%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sangsefidi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Austin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barnes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hassan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Davani%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2212%5C%2F2023%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.scs.2023.104914%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2222106707%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS2210670723005255%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-10-20T18%3A04%3A51Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KHXTCJ5R%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lange%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELange%2C%20A.%20M.%20Z.%2C%20Fiedler%2C%20J.%20W.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Guza%2C%20R.%20T.%20%282023%29.%20UAV%20video-based%20estimates%20of%20nearshore%20bathymetry.%20%3Ci%3ECoastal%20Engineering%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E185%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20104375.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.coastaleng.2023.104375%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.coastaleng.2023.104375%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22UAV%20video-based%20estimates%20of%20nearshore%20bathymetry%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Athina%20M.Z.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lange%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Julia%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fiedler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Guza%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2210%5C%2F2023%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.coastaleng.2023.104375%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2203783839%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0378383923000996%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22WP3XF63I%22%2C%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-09-14T18%3A53%3A01Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%228NHHURL7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kim%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKim%2C%20L.%20N.%2C%20Brodie%2C%20K.%20L.%2C%20Cohn%2C%20N.%20T.%2C%20Giddings%2C%20S.%20N.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20%282023%29.%20Observations%20of%20beach%20change%20and%20runup%2C%20and%20the%20performance%20of%20empirical%20runup%20parameterizations%20during%20large%20storm%20events.%20%3Ci%3ECoastal%20Engineering%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E184%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20104357.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.coastaleng.2023.104357%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.coastaleng.2023.104357%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Observations%20of%20beach%20change%20and%20runup%2C%20and%20the%20performance%20of%20empirical%20runup%20parameterizations%20during%20large%20storm%20events%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lauren%20Nicole%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Katherine%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brodie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nicholas%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cohn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sarah%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Giddings%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2209%5C%2F2023%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.coastaleng.2023.104357%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2203783839%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0378383923000819%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22BJ844U2D%22%2C%22DU8RFMGU%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-09-14T18%3A44%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ESZAZJA3%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Siegelman%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESiegelman%2C%20M.%20N.%2C%20Firing%2C%20E.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20Becker%2C%20J.%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Musgrave%2C%20R.%20C.%20%282023%29.%20Near-Inertial%20Surface%20Currents%20around%20Islands.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Physical%20Oceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E53%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%20433%26%23x2013%3B455.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2FJPO-D-21-0310.1%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2FJPO-D-21-0310.1%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Near-Inertial%20Surface%20Currents%20around%20Islands%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mika%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Siegelman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eric%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Firing%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Janet%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Becker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ruth%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Musgrave%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Motivated%20by%20observations%20of%20enhanced%20near-inertial%20currents%20at%20the%20island%20chain%20of%20Palau%2C%20the%20modification%20of%20wind-generated%20near-inertial%20oscillations%20%28NIOs%29%20by%20the%20presence%20of%20an%20island%20is%20examined%20using%20the%20analytic%20solutions%20of%20Longuet-Higgins%20and%20a%20linear%2C%20inviscid%2C%201.5-layer%20reduced-gravity%20model.%20The%20analytic%20solution%20for%20oscillations%20at%20the%20inertial%20frequency%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20f%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20provides%20insights%20into%20flow%20adjustment%20near%20the%20island%20but%20excludes%20wave%20dynamics.%20To%20account%20for%20wave%20motion%2C%20the%20numerical%20model%20initially%20is%20forced%20by%20a%20large-scale%20wind%20field%20rotating%20at%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20f%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2C%20where%20the%20forcing%20is%20increased%20then%20decreased%20to%20zero.%20Numerical%20simulations%20are%20carried%20out%20over%20a%20range%20of%20island%20radii%20and%20the%20ocean%20response%20detailed.%20Near%20the%20island%2C%20wind%20energy%20in%20the%20frequency%20band%20near%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20f%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20can%20excite%20subinertial%20island-trapped%20waves%20and%20superinertial%20Poincar%5Cu00e9%20waves.%20In%20the%20small-island%20limit%2C%20both%20the%20Poincar%5Cu00e9%20waves%20and%20the%20island-trapped%20waves%20are%20very%20near%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20f%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2C%20and%20their%20sum%20resembles%20the%20Longuet-Higgins%20analytic%20solution%20but%20with%20increased%20amplitude%20near%20the%20island.%20The%20flow%20field%20can%20be%20viewed%20as%20primarily%20a%20far-field%20NIO%20locally%20deflected%20by%20the%20island%20plus%20an%20island-trapped%20contribution%2C%20leading%20to%20enhanced%20near-inertial%20currents%20near%20the%20island%2C%20on%20the%20scale%20of%20the%20island%20radius.%20As%20the%20island%20size%20is%20increased%2C%20the%20island-trapped%20wave%20frequency%20deviates%20further%20from%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20f%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20and%20its%20amplitude%20depends%20strongly%20on%20the%20frequency%20bandwidth%20and%20wavenumber%20structure%20of%20the%20wind%20forcing.%20In%20the%20large-island%20limit%2C%20the%20island-trapped%20wave%20resembles%20a%20Kelvin%20wave%2C%20and%20the%20sum%20of%20incident%20and%20reflected%20Poincar%5Cu00e9%20waves%20suppresses%20the%20near-inertial%20current%20amplitude%20near%20the%20island.%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Significance%20Statement%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Strong%2C%20impulsive%20winds%20over%20the%20ocean%20excite%20currents%20that%20rotate%20in%20the%20opposite%20direction%20to%20Earth%5Cu2019s%20rotation.%20This%20work%20examines%20how%20these%20wind-generated%20currents%2C%20known%20as%20near-inertial%20oscillations%20%28NIOs%29%2C%20are%20modified%20by%20the%20presence%20of%20an%20island.%20Around%20small%20islands%2C%20the%20primary%20response%20is%20locally%20enhanced%20near-inertial%20currents.%20Alternatively%2C%20around%20large%20islands%2C%20near-inertial%20currents%20are%20weaker.%20Understanding%20how%20these%20currents%20behave%20should%20provide%20insight%20into%20the%20physical%20processes%20that%20drive%20current%20variability%20near%20islands%20and%20spur%20local%20mixing.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2202%5C%2F2023%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1175%5C%2FJPO-D-21-0310.1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220022-3670%2C%201520-0485%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.ametsoc.org%5C%2Fview%5C%2Fjournals%5C%2Fphoc%5C%2F53%5C%2F2%5C%2FJPO-D-21-0310.1.xml%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22JMZW8RRJ%22%2C%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-03-20T15%3A41%3A57Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WTQF2TCQ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Sangsefidi%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESangsefidi%2C%20Y.%2C%20Bagheri%2C%20K.%2C%20Davani%2C%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20%282023%29.%20Data%20analysis%20and%20integrated%20modeling%20of%20compound%20flooding%20impacts%20on%20coastal%20drainage%20infrastructure%20under%20a%20changing%20climate.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Hydrology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E616%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20128823.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jhydrol.2022.128823%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jhydrol.2022.128823%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Data%20analysis%20and%20integrated%20modeling%20of%20compound%20flooding%20impacts%20on%20coastal%20drainage%20infrastructure%20under%20a%20changing%20climate%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yousef%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sangsefidi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bagheri%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hassan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Davani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2201%5C%2F2023%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.jhydrol.2022.128823%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2200221694%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0022169422013932%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-01-09T23%3A34%3A31Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22V3WNZKUB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ludka%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELudka%2C%20B.%20C.%2C%20Young%2C%20A.%20P.%2C%20Guza%2C%20R.%20T.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BReilly%2C%20W.%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%20%282023%29.%20Alongshore%20variability%20of%20a%20southern%20California%20beach%2C%20before%20and%20after%20nourishment.%20%3Ci%3ECoastal%20Engineering%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E179%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20104223.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.coastaleng.2022.104223%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.coastaleng.2022.104223%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Alongshore%20variability%20of%20a%20southern%20California%20beach%2C%20before%20and%20after%20nourishment%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ludka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Guza%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%5Cu2019Reilly%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2201%5C%2F2023%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.coastaleng.2022.104223%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2203783839%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0378383922001363%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22WP3XF63I%22%2C%22BJ844U2D%22%2C%22VZ4LIEJJ%22%2C%22NFXPHDEG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-12-02T17%3A16%3A35Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22M6TIHFEZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22University%20of%20North%20Carolina%20Wilmington%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EUniversity%20of%20North%20Carolina%20Wilmington%2C%20Bresnahan%2C%20P.%2C%20Briggs%2C%20E.%2C%20Davis%2C%20B.%2C%20Rodriguez%2C%20A.%2C%20Edwards%2C%20L.%2C%20Peach%2C%20C.%2C%20Renner%2C%20N.%2C%20Helling%2C%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20%282023%29.%20A%20Low-Cost%2C%20DIY%20Ultrasonic%20Water%20Level%20Sensor%20for%20Education%2C%20Citizen%20Science%2C%20and%20Research.%20%3Ci%3EOceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E36%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5670%5C%2Foceanog.2023.101%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5670%5C%2Foceanog.2023.101%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20Low-Cost%2C%20DIY%20Ultrasonic%20Water%20Level%20Sensor%20for%20Education%2C%20Citizen%20Science%2C%20and%20Research%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22University%20of%20North%20Carolina%20Wilmington%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philip%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bresnahan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ellen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Briggs%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Benjamin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Davis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Angelica%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rodriguez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luke%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Edwards%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cheryl%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Peach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Renner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Harry%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Helling%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22A%20low-cost%20%28~%24100%29%2C%20do-it-yourself%20%28DIY%29%20ultrasonic%20water%20level%20sensor%5C%2Fdatalogger%20has%20been%20designed%2C%20constructed%2C%20and%20tested%20for%20use%20in%20education%2C%20citizen%5C%2Fcommunity%20science%2C%20and%20research%20settings.%20The%20sensor%20package%20comprises%20an%20ultrasonic%20distance%20sensor%2C%20a%20microcontroller%20running%20Arduino%20firmware%2C%20a%20micro-SD%20card%20for%20datalogging%2C%20a%20real-time%20clock%20for%20timekeeping%20and%20sleep%20functions%2C%20and%20an%20OLED%20screen%20for%20real-time%20display.%20Electronics%20are%20housed%20in%20low-cost%20custom%20containers%20using%20either%20upcycled%20plastic%20containers%20or%20laser-cut%20acrylic.%20Reported%20ultrasonic%20sensor%20accuracy%20is%205%20cm%20across%20a%20range%20of%2015%5Cu2013645%20cm%2C%20with%20an%20estimated%20power%20budget%20of%2076%20days%20of%20operation%20on%20a%20rechargeable%2010%20amp-hr%20battery.%20The%20DIY%20sensor%20has%20been%20field%20tested%20alongside%20two%20commercial%20sensors%20for%2018%20days%20in%20Wilmington%2C%20North%20Carolina%2C%20including%20during%20Tropical%20Storm%20Colin%2C%20with%20all%20sensor%20measurements%20in%20close%20agreement%20%28e.g.%2C%20root%20mean%20squared%20error%20of%201.5%20cm%20between%20the%20DIY%20sensor%20and%20a%20proven%20commercial%20unit%29.%20Potential%20applications%2C%20design%20and%20construction%2C%20and%20deployment%20recommendations%20for%20the%20sensors%20are%20described%2C%20as%20well%20as%20simple%20and%20inexpensive%20modifications%20to%20the%20sensor%20and%20its%20packaging%20that%20could%20further%20improve%20performance.%20Preliminary%20lesson%20plans%20written%20to%20accompany%20the%20device%20for%20high%20school-%20and%20undergraduate-level%20educational%20projects%20are%20available.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5670%5C%2Foceanog.2023.101%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2210428275%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Ftos.org%5C%2Foceanography%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fa-low-cost-diy-ultrasonic-water-level-sensor-for-education-citizen-science-and-research%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-11-30T16%3A58%3A51Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HLDS5TYK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ray%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-08-17%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ERay%2C%20R.%20D.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Woodworth%2C%20P.%20L.%20%282022%29.%20Wave%20setup%20at%20the%20Minamitorishima%20tide%20gauge.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Oceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10872-022-00659-0%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10872-022-00659-0%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Wave%20setup%20at%20the%20Minamitorishima%20tide%20gauge%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ray%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philip%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Woodworth%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-08-17%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs10872-022-00659-0%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220916-8370%2C%201573-868X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flink.springer.com%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10872-022-00659-0%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-19T23%3A25%3A24Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NP57I4DU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Henderson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A6%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHenderson%2C%20C.%20S.%2C%20Fiedler%2C%20J.%20W.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20Guza%2C%20R.%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Young%2C%20A.%20P.%20%282022%29.%20Phase%20resolving%20runup%20and%20overtopping%20field%20validation%20of%20SWASH.%20%3Ci%3ECoastal%20Engineering%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E175%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.coastaleng.2022.104128%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.coastaleng.2022.104128%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Phase%20resolving%20runup%20and%20overtopping%20field%20validation%20of%20SWASH%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Henderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fiedler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Guza%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Time%20series%20of%20storm%20wave%20runup%20and%20overtopping%20observed%20on%20a%20sandy%20beach%20with%20a%20scanning%20LiDAR%20are%20compared%20with%20predictions%20of%20the%20phase-resolving%20numerical%20model%20SWASH%201D.%20SWASH%20is%20initialized%20300%20m%20offshore%20%288-m%20depth%29%20with%20phase-resolved%20estimates%20of%20shoreward%20and%20seaward%20propagating%20waves%2C%20observed%20with%20a%20co-located%20pressure%20sensor-current%20meter.%20During%205%20h%20of%20storm%20conditions%20%282.4-m%20significant%20wave%20height%2C%2017-sec%20peak%20period%2C%20high%20tide%29%20swash%20zone%20bed%20level%20erosion%20of%2080%20cm%20was%20observed%20with%20the%20LiDAR%20and%20included%20in%20SWASH%20simulations.%20Model%20offshore%20bathymetry%20is%20an%20ensemble%20of%20historical%20surveys.%20SWASH-predicted%20and%20LiDAR-observed%20runup%20time%20series%20are%20in-phase%20and%20coherent%20in%20both%20the%20sea-swell%20and%20infragravity%20frequency%20bands.%20Overtopping%20was%20intermittent%20and%20occurred%20only%20for%20the%20largest%20runups%20that%20were%20at%20suboptimal%20viewing%20angles.%20SWASH%20overpredicted%20by%20a%20factor%20of%20two%20the%20number%20of%20overtopping%20events%20observed%20with%20LiDAR%20and%20a%20single%20point%20pressure%20sensor.%20Phase-coupling%20between%20infragravity%20and%20sea%20swell%20waves%20at%20the%20offshore%20boundary%20and%20shoreline%20erosion%20both%20significantly%20affect%20model%20runup%20and%20overtopping.%20SWASH%20prediction%20misfits%20of%205%25-%206%25%20in%20runup%20sea-swell%20and%20infragravity%20heights%20are%20encouragingly%20small%20given%20the%20uncertainty%20in%20underwater%20bathymetry%2C%201D%20dynamics%20assumption%2C%20and%20default%20model%20representations%20of%20wave%20breaking%20and%20bottom%20friction.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022%5C%2F08%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.coastaleng.2022.104128%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220378-3839%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22WP3XF63I%22%2C%22BJ844U2D%22%2C%22VZ4LIEJJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-14T15%3A40%3A14Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SFSLH3ZH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lange%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A8%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELange%2C%20A.%20M.%20Z.%2C%20Fiedler%2C%20J.%20W.%2C%20Becker%2C%20J.%20M.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Guza%2C%20R.%20T.%20%282022%29.%20Estimating%20runup%20with%20limited%20bathymetry.%20%3Ci%3ECoastal%20Engineering%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E172%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2010.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.coastaleng.2021.104055%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.coastaleng.2021.104055%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Estimating%20runup%20with%20limited%20bathymetry%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20M.%20Z.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lange%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fiedler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Becker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Guza%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Wave%20runup%20estimates%20are%20used%20in%20erosion%20and%20overtopping%20models%2C%20and%20in%20coastal%20structure%20design.%20However%2C%20runup%20depends%20on%20often%20incompletely%20known%20surf%20and%20swash%20bathymetry.%20The%20many%20existing%20runup%20parameterizations%20characterizing%20bathymetry%20with%20only%20the%20foreshore%20%28swash%20zone%29%20beach%20slope%20beta%28f%29%20are%20necessarily%20of%20limited%20accuracy.%20Here%2C%20an%20empirical%20model%20relating%20runup%20to%20incident%20wave%20spectra%20is%20extended%20to%20include%20an%20effective%2C%20mid-surfzone%20slope%2C%20beta%28eff%29%2C%20that%20depends%20on%20the%20cross-shore%20location%20of%20the%20midpoint%20of%20breaking-wave%20dissipation.%20The%20empirical%20model%20is%20trained%20using%20numerical%20simulations%20%28SWASH%29%20of%20138%20hindcast%20historical%20storm%20waves%2C%20two%20different%20offshore%20infragravity%20wave%20boundary%20conditions%2C%20and%2024%20representative%20eroded%20beach%20bathymetries%20from%20a%20Southern%20California%20beach.%20The%20model%20is%20tuned%20for%20the%20swell%20waves%20and%20concave%20up%20%28sometimes%20barred%29%20depth%20profiles%20characteristic%20of%20the%20study%20region.%20Consistent%20with%20their%20generation%20by%20surfzone-wide%20processes%2C%20setup%20and%20infragravity%20runup%20depend%20more%20strongly%20on%20surfzone%20beta%28eff%29%20than%20on%20foreshore%20beta%28f%29.%20In%20contrast%2C%20sea-swell%20runup%20depends%20more%20strongly%20on%20shoreline%20processes%2C%20and%20beta%28f%29%20is%20more%20important%20than%20beta%28eff%29.%20Empirical%20model%20accuracy%20is%20improved%20by%20including%20both%20beta%28eff%29%20and%20beta%28f%29.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022%5C%2F03%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.coastaleng.2021.104055%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220378-3839%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22JMZW8RRJ%22%2C%22WP3XF63I%22%2C%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-14T15%3A42%3A48Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22M3JVDX5A%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Anderson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAnderson%2C%20D.%20L.%2C%20Ruggiero%2C%20P.%2C%20Mendez%2C%20F.%20J.%2C%20Barnard%2C%20P.%20L.%2C%20Erikson%2C%20L.%20H.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BNeill%2C%20A.%20C.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%2C%20Rueda%2C%20A.%2C%20Cagigal%2C%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Marra%2C%20J.%20%282021%29.%20Projecting%20climate%20dependent%20coastal%20flood%20risk%20with%20a%20hybrid%20statistical%20dynamical%20model.%20%3Ci%3EEarths%20Future%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E9%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2812%29%2C%2024.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2021ef002285%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2021ef002285%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Projecting%20climate%20dependent%20coastal%20flood%20risk%20with%20a%20hybrid%20statistical%20dynamical%20model%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ruggiero%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mendez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barnard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Erikson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Neill%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rueda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cagigal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Marra%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Numerical%20models%20for%20tides%2C%20storm%20surge%2C%20and%20wave%20runup%20have%20demonstrated%20ability%20to%20accurately%20define%20spatially%20varying%20flood%20surfaces.%20However%20these%20models%20are%20typically%20too%20computationally%20expensive%20to%20dynamically%20simulate%20the%20full%20parameter%20space%20of%20future%20oceanographic%2C%20atmospheric%2C%20and%20hydrologic%20conditions%20that%20will%20constructively%20compound%20in%20the%20nearshore%20to%20cause%20both%20extreme%20event%20and%20nuisance%20flooding%20during%20the%2021st%20century.%20A%20surrogate%20modeling%20framework%20of%20waves%2C%20winds%2C%20and%20tides%20is%20developed%20in%20this%20study%20to%20efficiently%20predict%20spatially%20varying%20nearshore%20and%20estuarine%20water%20levels%20contingent%20on%20any%20combination%20of%20offshore%20forcing%20conditions.%20The%20surrogate%20models%20are%20coupled%20with%20a%20time-dependent%20stochastic%20climate%20emulator%20that%20provides%20efficient%20downscaling%20for%20hypothetical%20iterations%20of%20offshore%20conditions.%20Together%2C%20the%20hybrid%20statistical-dynamical%20framework%20can%20assess%20present%20day%20and%20future%20coastal%20flood%20risk%2C%20including%20the%20chronological%20characteristics%20of%20individual%20flood%20and%20wave-induced%20dune%20overtopping%20events%20and%20their%20changes%20into%20the%20future.%20The%20framework%20is%20demonstrated%20at%20Naval%20Base%20Coronado%20in%20San%20Diego%2C%20CA%2C%20utilizing%20the%20regional%20Coastal%20Storm%20Modeling%20System%20%28CoSMoS%3B%20composed%20of%20Delft3D%20and%20XBeach%29%20as%20the%20dynamic%20simulator%20and%20Gaussian%20process%20regression%20as%20the%20surrogate%20modeling%20tool.%20Validation%20of%20the%20framework%20uses%20both%20in-situ%20tide%20gauge%20observations%20within%20San%20Diego%20Bay%2C%20and%20a%20nearshore%20cross-shore%20array%20deployment%20of%20pressure%20sensors%20in%20the%20open%20beach%20surf%20zone.%20The%20framework%20reveals%20the%20relative%20influence%20of%20large-scale%20climate%20variability%20on%20future%20coastal%20flood%20resilience%20metrics%20relevant%20to%20the%20management%20of%20an%20open%20coast%20artificial%20berm%2C%20as%20well%20as%20the%20stochastic%20nature%20of%20future%20total%20water%20levels.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2021ef002285%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-22T15%3A24%3A29Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22YFJZHPV4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Eddebbar%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EEddebbar%2C%20Y.%20A.%2C%20Subramanian%2C%20A.%20C.%2C%20Whitt%2C%20D.%20B.%2C%20Long%2C%20M.%20C.%2C%20Verdy%2C%20A.%2C%20Mazloff%2C%20M.%20R.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%20%282021%29.%20Seasonal%20modulation%20of%20dissolved%20oxygen%20in%20the%20equatorial%20Pacific%20by%20tropical%20instability%20vortices.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Oceans%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E126%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2811%29%2C%20e2021JC017567.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2021JC017567%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2021JC017567%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Seasonal%20modulation%20of%20dissolved%20oxygen%20in%20the%20equatorial%20Pacific%20by%20tropical%20instability%20vortices%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eddebbar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Subramanian%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Whitt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Long%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Verdy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mazloff%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Tropical%20instability%20vortices%20%28TIVs%29%20have%20a%20major%20influence%20on%20the%20physics%20and%20biogeochemistry%20of%20the%20equatorial%20Pacific.%20Using%20an%20eddy-resolving%20configuration%20of%20the%20Community%20Earth%20System%20Model%20%28CESM-HR%29%20and%20Lagrangian%20particle%20tracking%2C%20we%20examine%20TIV%20impacts%20on%20the%20three-dimensional%20structure%20and%20variability%20of%20dissolved%20oxygen%20%28O2%29%20in%20the%20upper%20equatorial%20Pacific%20water%20column.%20In%20CESM-HR%2C%20the%20simulated%20generation%20and%20westward%20propagation%20of%20TIVs%20from%20boreal%20summer%20through%20winter%20lead%20to%20the%20seasonal%20oxygenation%20of%20the%20upper%20northern%20equatorial%20Pacific%2C%20exhibited%20as%20a%20deepening%20of%20hypoxic%20depth%20west%20of%20120%5Cu00b0W.%20TIV%20effects%20on%20the%20equatorial%20Pacific%20oxygen%20balance%20are%20dominated%20by%20eddy-advection%20and%20mixing%2C%20while%20indirect%20TIV%20effects%20on%20O2%20consumption%20play%20minor%20roles.%20These%20advective%20effects%20reflect%20the%20transient%20displacements%20of%20isopycnals%20by%20eddy%20pumping%20as%20well%20as%20vortex%20transport%20of%20oxygen%20by%20eddy%20trapping%2C%20stirring%2C%20and%20subduction.%20TIVs%20influence%20on%20the%20upper%20equatorial%20Pacific%20O2%20distribution%20and%20variability%20has%20important%20implications%20for%20understanding%20and%20modeling%20marine%20ecosystem%20dynamics%20and%20habitats%2C%20and%20should%20be%20taken%20into%20consideration%20in%20designing%20observation%20networks%20in%20this%20region.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2021JC017567%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222169-9275%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22P6BBM9XF%22%2C%22BJ844U2D%22%2C%229HSCH4RV%22%2C%22YZZ6KTR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-11T20%3A25%3A16Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22G7MJHJSA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Merrifield%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A12%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20Johnson%2C%20M.%2C%20Guza%2C%20R.%20T.%2C%20Fiedler%2C%20J.%20W.%2C%20Young%2C%20A.%20P.%2C%20Henderson%2C%20C.%20S.%2C%20Lange%2C%20A.%20M.%20Z.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BReilly%2C%20W.%20C.%2C%20Ludka%2C%20B.%20C.%2C%20Okihiro%2C%20M.%2C%20Gallien%2C%20T.%2C%20Pappas%2C%20K.%2C%20Engeman%2C%20L.%2C%20Behrens%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Terrill%2C%20E.%20%282021%29.%20An%20early%20warning%20system%20for%20wave-driven%20coastal%20flooding%20at%20Imperial%20Beach%2C%20CA.%20%3Ci%3ENatural%20Hazards%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2022.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs11069-021-04790-x%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs11069-021-04790-x%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22An%20early%20warning%20system%20for%20wave-driven%20coastal%20flooding%20at%20Imperial%20Beach%2C%20CA%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Guza%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fiedler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Henderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20M.%20Z.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lange%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Reilly%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ludka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Okihiro%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gallien%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pappas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Engeman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Behrens%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Terrill%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Waves%20overtop%20berms%20and%20seawalls%20along%20the%20shoreline%20of%20Imperial%20Beach%20%28IB%29%2C%20CA%20when%20energetic%20winter%20swell%20and%20high%20tide%20coincide.%20These%20intermittent%2C%20few-hour%20long%20events%20flood%20low-lying%20areas%20and%20pose%20a%20growing%20inundation%20risk%20as%20sea%20levels%20rise.%20To%20support%20city%20flood%20response%20and%20management%2C%20an%20IB%20flood%20warning%20system%20was%20developed.%20Total%20water%20level%20%28TWL%29%20forecasts%20combine%20predictions%20of%20tides%20and%20sea-level%20anomalies%20with%20wave%20runup%20estimates%20based%20on%20incident%20wave%20forecasts%20and%20the%20nonlinear%20wave%20model%20SWASH.%20In%20contrast%20to%20widely%20used%20empirical%20runup%20formulas%20that%20rely%20on%20significant%20wave%20height%20and%20peak%20period%2C%20and%20use%20only%20a%20foreshore%20slope%20for%20bathymetry%2C%20the%20SWASH%20model%20incorporates%20spectral%20incident%20wave%20forcing%20and%20uses%20the%20cross-shore%20depth%20profile.%20TWL%20forecasts%20using%20a%20SWASH%20emulator%20demonstrate%20skill%20several%20days%20in%20advance.%20Observations%20set%20TWL%20thresholds%20for%20minor%20and%20moderate%20flooding.%20The%20specific%20wave%20and%20water%20level%20conditions%20that%20lead%20to%20flooding%2C%20and%20key%20contributors%20to%20TWL%20uncertainty%2C%20are%20identified.%20TWL%20forecast%20skill%20is%20reduced%20by%20errors%20in%20the%20incident%20wave%20forecast%20and%20the%20one-dimensional%20runup%20model%2C%20and%20lack%20of%20information%20of%20variable%20beach%20morphology%20%28e.g.%2C%20protective%20sand%20berms%20can%20erode%20during%20storms%29.%20Model%20errors%20are%20largest%20for%20the%20most%20extreme%20events.%20Without%20mitigation%2C%20projected%20sea-level%20rise%20will%20substantially%20increase%20the%20duration%20and%20severity%20of%20street%20flooding.%20Application%20of%20the%20warning%20system%20approach%20to%20other%20locations%20requires%20incident%20wave%20hindcasts%20and%20forecasts%2C%20numerical%20simulation%20of%20the%20runup%20associated%20with%20local%20storms%20and%20beach%20morphology%2C%20and%20model%20calibration%20with%20flood%20observations.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F06%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs11069-021-04790-x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220921-030X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228P36D8SK%22%2C%22WP3XF63I%22%2C%22BJ844U2D%22%2C%22VZ4LIEJJ%22%2C%22NFXPHDEG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-20T15%3A54%3A40Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%227TUIZIP2%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Long%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELong%2C%20X.%20Y.%2C%20Widlansky%2C%20M.%20J.%2C%20Spillman%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Kumar%2C%20A.%2C%20Balmaseda%2C%20M.%2C%20Thompson%2C%20P.%20R.%2C%20Chikamoto%2C%20Y.%2C%20Smith%2C%20G.%20A.%2C%20Huang%2C%20B.%20H.%2C%20Shin%2C%20C.%20S.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20Sweet%2C%20W.%20V.%2C%20Leuliette%2C%20E.%2C%20Annamalai%2C%20H.%20S.%2C%20Marra%2C%20J.%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Mitchum%2C%20G.%20%282021%29.%20Seasonal%20forecasting%20skill%20of%20sea-level%20anomalies%20in%20a%20multi-model%20prediction%20framework.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Oceans%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E126%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%286%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2020jc017060%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2020jc017060%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Seasonal%20forecasting%20skill%20of%20sea-level%20anomalies%20in%20a%20multi-model%20prediction%20framework%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22X.%20Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Long%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Widlansky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Spillman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kumar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Balmaseda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thompson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chikamoto%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Huang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sweet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leuliette%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Annamalai%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Marra%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mitchum%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Coastal%20high%20water%20level%20events%20are%20increasing%20in%20frequency%20and%20severity%20as%20global%20sea-levels%20rise%2C%20and%20are%20exposing%20coastlines%20to%20risks%20of%20flooding.%20Yet%2C%20operational%20seasonal%20forecasts%20of%20sea-level%20anomalies%20are%20not%20made%20for%20most%20coastal%20regions.%20Advancements%20in%20forecasting%20climate%20variability%20using%20coupled%20ocean-atmosphere%20global%20models%20provide%20the%20opportunity%20to%20predict%20the%20likelihood%20of%20future%20high%20water%20events%20several%20months%20in%20advance.%20However%2C%20the%20skill%20of%20these%20models%20to%20forecast%20seasonal%20sea-level%20anomalies%20has%20not%20been%20fully%20assessed%2C%20especially%20in%20a%20multi-model%20framework.%20Here%2C%20we%20construct%20a%2010-model%20ensemble%20of%20retrospective%20forecasts%20with%20future%20lead%20times%20of%20up%20to%2011%20months.%20We%20compare%20predicted%20sea%20levels%20from%20bias-corrected%20forecasts%20with%2020%20years%20of%20observations%20from%20satellite-based%20altimetry%20and%20shore-based%20tide%20gauges.%20Forecast%20skill%2C%20as%20measured%20by%20anomaly%20correlation%2C%20tends%20to%20be%20highest%20in%20the%20tropical%20and%20subtropical%20open%20oceans%2C%20whereas%20the%20skill%20is%20lower%20in%20the%20higher%20latitudes%20and%20along%20some%20continental%20coasts.%20For%20most%20locations%2C%20multi-model%20averaging%20produces%20forecast%20skill%20that%20is%20comparable%20to%20or%20better%20than%20the%20best%20performing%20individual%20model.%20We%20find%20that%20the%20most%20skillful%20predictions%20typically%20come%20from%20forecast%20systems%20with%20more%20accurate%20initializations%20of%20sea%20level%2C%20which%20is%20generally%20achieved%20by%20assimilating%20altimetry%20data.%20Having%20relatively%20higher%20horizontal%20resolution%20in%20the%20ocean%20is%20also%20beneficial%2C%20as%20such%20models%20seem%20to%20better%20capture%20dynamical%20processes%20necessary%20for%20successful%20forecasts.%20The%20multi-model%20assessment%20suggests%20that%20skillful%20seasonal%20sea-level%20forecasts%20are%20possible%20in%20many%2C%20though%20not%20all%2C%20parts%20of%20the%20global%20ocean.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F06%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2020jc017060%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222169-9275%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-22T15%3A24%3A30Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22IFUFDUDB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Thompson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EThompson%2C%20P.%20R.%2C%20Widlansky%2C%20M.%20J.%2C%20Hamlington%2C%20B.%20D.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20Marra%2C%20J.%20J.%2C%20Mitchum%2C%20G.%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Sweet%2C%20W.%20%282021%29.%20Rapid%20increases%20and%20extreme%20months%20in%20projections%20of%20United%20States%20high-tide%20flooding.%20%3Ci%3ENature%20Climate%20Change%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41558-021-01077-8%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41558-021-01077-8%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Rapid%20increases%20and%20extreme%20months%20in%20projections%20of%20United%20States%20high-tide%20flooding%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thompson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Widlansky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamlington%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Marra%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mitchum%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sweet%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Coastal%20locations%20around%20the%20United%20States%2C%20particularly%20along%20the%20Atlantic%20coast%2C%20are%20experiencing%20recurrent%20flooding%20at%20high%20tide.%20Continued%20sea-level%20rise%20%28SLR%29%20will%20exacerbate%20the%20issue%20where%20present%2C%20and%20many%20more%20locations%20will%20begin%20to%20experience%20recurrent%20high-tide%20flooding%20%28HTF%29%20in%20the%20coming%20decades.%20Here%20we%20use%20established%20SLR%20scenarios%20and%20flooding%20thresholds%20to%20demonstrate%20how%20the%20combined%20effects%20of%20SLR%20and%20nodal%20cycle%20modulations%20of%20tidal%20amplitude%20lead%20to%20acute%20inflections%20in%20projections%20of%20future%20HTF.%20The%20mid-2030s%2C%20in%20particular%2C%20may%20see%20the%20onset%20of%20rapid%20increases%20in%20the%20frequency%20of%20HTF%20in%20multiple%20US%20coastal%20regions.%20We%20also%20show%20how%20annual%20cycles%20and%20sea-level%20anomalies%20lead%20to%20extreme%20seasons%20or%20months%20during%20which%20many%20days%20of%20HTF%20cluster%20together.%20Clustering%20can%20lead%20to%20critical%20frequencies%20of%20HTF%20occurring%20during%20monthly%20or%20seasonal%20periods%20one%20to%20two%20decades%20prior%20to%20being%20expected%20on%20an%20annual%20basis.%20High-tide%20flooding%20%28HTF%29%20is%20more%20likely%20with%20sea-level%20rise.%20Projections%20along%20the%20United%20States%20coastline%2C%20considering%20likely%20sea-level%20rise%20and%20tidal%20amplitude%20cycles%2C%20suggest%20increased%20HTF%20event%20clustering%20in%20time%20and%20rapid%20increases%20in%20annual%20HTF%20frequency%20as%20early%20as%20the%20mid-2030s.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F06%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41558-021-01077-8%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221758-678X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-22T15%3A24%3A29Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%228LAX2KH6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Young%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A8%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EYoung%2C%20A.%20P.%2C%20Guza%2C%20R.%20T.%2C%20Matsumoto%2C%20H.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BReilly%2C%20W.%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Swirad%2C%20Z.%20M.%20%282021%29.%20Three%20years%20of%20weekly%20observations%20of%20coastal%20cliff%20erosion%20by%20waves%20and%20rainfall.%20%3Ci%3EGeomorphology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E375%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.geomorph.2020.107545%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.geomorph.2020.107545%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Three%20years%20of%20weekly%20observations%20of%20coastal%20cliff%20erosion%20by%20waves%20and%20rainfall%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Guza%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Matsumoto%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Reilly%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Z.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swirad%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Erosion%20of%20a%202.5%20km-long%20sedimentary%20coastal%20cliff%20by%20waves%20and%20rainfall%20is%20explored%20with%20three%20years%20of%20weekly%20observations.%20A%20truck-mounted%20lidar%20resolved%20the%20fronting%20beach%20and%20convoluted%20surface%20of%20the%2010-25%20m%20high%20cliffs.%20Volumes%20of%204362%20cliff%20erosion%20events%20ranged%20up%20to%20885%20m%283%29%20%28mean%203.3%20m%283%29%29.%20The%20three-year%20cumulative%20erosion%20was%20clustered%20and%20alongshore%20variable.%20Cliff%20base%20wave%20impact%20heights%20were%20estimated%20with%20a%20wave%20model%20and%20empirical%20runup%20formula%2C%20and%20validated%20with%20cliff%20base%20observations.%20Cliff%20erosion%20rates%2C%20incident%20wave%20heights%2C%20wave-cliff%20impacts%2C%20and%20rainfall%20were%20all%20elevated%20during%20winters.%20The%20high%20temporal%20resolution%20of%20the%20multiyear%20dataset%20is%20unique%2C%20and%20allows%20separation%20of%20erosion%20from%20waves%20and%20rainfall%20by%2C%20for%20example%2C%20isolating%20time%20periods%20with%20no%20rainfall%20and%20high%20wave%20runup.%20Upper%20cliff%20erosion%20was%20best%20correlated%20with%20rainfall%20%28r%282%29%20%3D%200.57%29%2C%20and%20lower%20cliff%20erosion%20with%20wave%20impacts%20%28r%282%29%20%3D%200.56%29.%20%28C%29%202020%20The%20Author%28s%29.%20Published%20by%20Elsevier%20B.V.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.geomorph.2020.107545%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220169-555X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22WP3XF63I%22%2C%22BJ844U2D%22%2C%22VZ4LIEJJ%22%2C%22DHGXILVC%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-09T21%3A24%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GHUVB76J%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Cagigal%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECagigal%2C%20L.%2C%20Rueda%2C%20A.%2C%20Anderson%2C%20D.%2C%20Ruggiero%2C%20P.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20Montano%2C%20J.%2C%20Coco%2C%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Mendez%2C%20F.%20J.%20%282020%29.%20A%20multivariate%2C%20stochastic%2C%20climate-based%20wave%20emulator%20for%20shoreline%20change%20modelling.%20%3Ci%3EOcean%20Modelling%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E154%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.ocemod.2020.101695%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.ocemod.2020.101695%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20multivariate%2C%20stochastic%2C%20climate-based%20wave%20emulator%20for%20shoreline%20change%20modelling%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cagigal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rueda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ruggiero%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Montano%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Coco%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mendez%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Coastal%20hazards%20often%20result%20from%20the%20combination%20of%20different%20simultaneous%20oceanographic%20processes%20that%20occur%20at%20multiple%20spatial%20and%20temporal%20scales.%20To%20predict%20coastal%20flooding%20and%20erosion%2C%20it%20is%20necessary%20to%20accurately%20represent%20hydrodynamic%20conditions.%20For%20this%20reason%2C%20here%20we%20present%20a%20stochastic%2C%20climate%20based%20wave%20emulator%20that%20provides%20the%20hydrodynamic%20conditions%20needed%20for%20these%20predictions.%20The%20emulator%20can%20generate%20an%20infinitely%20long%20data%20series%20maintaining%20its%20statistical%20properties%20at%20different%20time%20scales%2C%20from%20intrastorm%20to%20inter-annual%20variability%2C%20and%20its%20link%20to%20large%20scale%20climate%20patterns.%20The%20proposed%20methodology%20relies%20on%20the%20use%20of%20weather%20types%20and%20an%20autoregressive%20logistic%20regression%20model%20forced%20with%20different%20variables%20to%20simulate%20daily%20scale%20chronology.%20Considering%20the%20dependencies%20of%20wave%20conditions%20on%20the%20different%20weather%20types%2C%20the%20intra-storm%20chronology%20is%20solved%20by%20means%20of%20shuffling%20and%20stretching%20historical%20wave%20sequences.%20To%20demonstrate%20the%20replicability%20of%20this%20emulator%20worldwide%2C%20we%20have%20applied%20the%20model%20to%203%20different%20locations%20and%20found%20good%20agreement%20when%20compared%20to%20the%20historical%20data.%20Furthermore%2C%20to%20illustrate%20and%20explain%20the%20strengths%20and%20limitations%20of%20the%20emulator%2C%20we%20present%20a%20different%20application%20for%20each%20of%20the%20different%20locations.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.ocemod.2020.101695%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221463-5003%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-22T15%3A24%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WRTP5TKH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hamlington%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHamlington%2C%20B.%20D.%2C%20Gardner%2C%20A.%20S.%2C%20Ivins%2C%20E.%2C%20Lenaerts%2C%20J.%20T.%20M.%2C%20Reager%2C%20J.%20T.%2C%20Trossman%2C%20D.%20S.%2C%20Zaron%2C%20E.%20D.%2C%20Adhikari%2C%20S.%2C%20Arendt%2C%20A.%2C%20Aschwanden%2C%20A.%2C%20Beckley%2C%20B.%20D.%2C%20Bekaert%2C%20D.%20P.%20S.%2C%20Blewitt%2C%20G.%2C%20Caron%2C%20L.%2C%20Chambers%2C%20D.%20P.%2C%20Chandanpurkar%2C%20H.%20A.%2C%20Christianson%2C%20K.%2C%20Csatho%2C%20B.%2C%20Cullather%2C%20R.%20I.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Willis%2C%20M.%20J.%20%282020%29.%20Understanding%20of%20contemporary%20regional%20sea-level%20change%20and%20the%20implications%20for%20the%20future.%20%3Ci%3EReviews%20of%20Geophysics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E58%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2019rg000672%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2019rg000672%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Understanding%20of%20contemporary%20regional%20sea-level%20change%20and%20the%20implications%20for%20the%20future%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamlington%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gardner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ivins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20T.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lenaerts%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reager%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trossman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zaron%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Adhikari%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arendt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aschwanden%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Beckley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20P.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bekaert%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Blewitt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Caron%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chambers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chandanpurkar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Christianson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Csatho%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cullather%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22DeConto%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fasullo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Frederikse%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Freymueller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gilford%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Girotto%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hammond%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hock%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Holschuh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kopp%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Landerer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Larour%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Menemenlis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20X.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mitrovica%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nerem%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nias%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nieves%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nowicki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pangaluru%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Piecuch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ray%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rounce%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schlegel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Seroussi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shirzaei%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sweet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Velicogna%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vinogradova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wahl%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wiese%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willis%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Global%20sea%20level%20provides%20an%20important%20indicator%20of%20the%20state%20of%20the%20warming%20climate%2C%20but%20changes%20in%20regional%20sea%20level%20are%20most%20relevant%20for%20coastal%20communities%20around%20the%20world.%20With%20improvements%20to%20the%20sea-level%20observing%20system%2C%20the%20knowledge%20of%20regional%20sea-level%20change%20has%20advanced%20dramatically%20in%20recent%20years.%20Satellite%20measurements%20coupled%20with%20in%20situ%20observations%20have%20allowed%20for%20comprehensive%20study%20and%20improved%20understanding%20of%20the%20diverse%20set%20of%20drivers%20that%20lead%20to%20variations%20in%20sea%20level%20in%20space%20and%20time.%20Despite%20the%20advances%2C%20gaps%20in%20the%20understanding%20of%20contemporary%20sea-level%20change%20remain%20and%20inhibit%20the%20ability%20to%20predict%20how%20the%20relevant%20processes%20may%20lead%20to%20future%20change.%20These%20gaps%20arise%20in%20part%20due%20to%20the%20complexity%20of%20the%20linkages%20between%20the%20drivers%20of%20sea-level%20change.%20Here%20we%20review%20the%20individual%20processes%20which%20lead%20to%20sea-level%20change%20and%20then%20describe%20how%20they%20combine%20and%20vary%20regionally.%20The%20intent%20of%20the%20paper%20is%20to%20provide%20an%20overview%20of%20the%20current%20state%20of%20understanding%20of%20the%20processes%20that%20cause%20regional%20sea-level%20change%20and%20to%20identify%20and%20discuss%20limitations%20and%20uncertainty%20in%20our%20understanding%20of%20these%20processes.%20Areas%20where%20the%20lack%20of%20understanding%20or%20gaps%20in%20knowledge%20inhibit%20the%20ability%20to%20provide%20the%20needed%20information%20for%20comprehensive%20planning%20efforts%20are%20of%20particular%20focus.%20Finally%2C%20a%20goal%20of%20this%20paper%20is%20to%20highlight%20the%20role%20of%20the%20expanded%20sea-level%20observation%20network-particularly%20as%20related%20to%20satellite%20observations-in%20the%20improved%20scientific%20understanding%20of%20the%20contributors%20to%20regional%20sea-level%20change.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F09%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2019rg000672%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%228755-1209%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-22T15%3A24%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22FMGKZ7GN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Fiedler%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A10%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EFiedler%2C%20J.%20W.%2C%20Young%2C%20A.%20P.%2C%20Ludka%2C%20B.%20C.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BReilly%2C%20W.%20C.%2C%20Henderson%2C%20C.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Guza%2C%20R.%20T.%20%282020%29.%20Predicting%20site-specific%20storm%20wave%20run-up.%20%3Ci%3ENatural%20Hazards%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs11069-020-04178-3%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs11069-020-04178-3%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Predicting%20site-specific%20storm%20wave%20run-up%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fiedler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ludka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Reilly%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Henderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Guza%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Storm%20wave%20run-up%20causes%20beach%20erosion%2C%20wave%20overtopping%2C%20and%20street%20flooding.%20Extreme%20runup%20estimates%20may%20be%20improved%2C%20relative%20to%20predictions%20from%20general%20empirical%20formulae%20with%20default%20parameter%20values%2C%20by%20using%20historical%20storm%20waves%20and%20eroded%20profiles%20in%20numerical%20runup%20simulations.%20A%20climatology%20of%20storm%20wave%20run-up%20at%20Imperial%20Beach%2C%20California%20is%20developed%20using%20the%20numerical%20model%20SWASH%2C%20and%20over%20a%20decade%20of%20hindcast%20spectral%20waves%20and%20observed%20depth%20profiles.%20For%20use%20in%20a%20local%20flood%20warning%20system%2C%20the%20relationship%20between%20incident%20wave%20energy%20spectra%20E%28f%29%20and%20SWASH-modeled%20shoreline%20water%20levels%20is%20approximated%20with%20the%20numerically%20simple%20integrated%20power%20law%20approximation%20%28IPA%29.%20Broad%20and%20multi-peaked%20E%28f%29%20are%20accommodated%20by%20characterizing%20wave%20forcing%20with%20frequency-weighted%20integrals%20of%20E%28f%29.%20This%20integral%20approach%20improves%20runup%20estimates%20compared%20to%20the%20more%20commonly%20used%20bulk%20parameterization%20using%20deep%20water%20wave%20height%20H-0%20and%20deep%20water%20wavelength%20L-0%20Hunt%20%28Trans%20Am%20Soc%20Civ%20Eng%20126%284%29%3A542-570%2C%201961%29%20and%20Stockdon%20et%20al.%20%28Coast%20Eng%2053%287%29%3A573-588%2C%202006.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.coast%20aleng.2005.12.005%29.%20Scaling%20of%20energy%20and%20frequency%20contributions%20in%20IPA%2C%20determined%20by%20searching%20parameter%20space%20for%20the%20best%20fit%20to%20SWASH%2C%20show%20an%20H0L0%20scaling%20is%20near%20optimal.%20IPA%20performance%20is%20tested%20with%20LiDAR%20observations%20of%20storm%20run-up%2C%20which%20reached%202.5%20m%20above%20the%20offshore%20water%20level%2C%20overtopped%20backshore%20riprap%2C%20and%20eroded%20the%20foreshore%20beach%20slope.%20Driven%20with%20estimates%20from%20a%20regional%20wave%20model%20and%20observed%20beta%28f%29%2C%20the%20IPA%20reproduced%20observed%20run-up%20with%20%3C%2030%25%20error.%20However%2C%20errors%20in%20model%20physics%2C%20depth%20profile%2C%20and%20incoming%20wave%20predictions%20partially%20cancelled.%20IPA%20%28or%20alternative%20empirical%20forms%29%20can%20be%20calibrated%20%28using%20SWASH%20or%20similar%29%20for%20sites%20where%20historical%20waves%20and%20eroded%20bathymetry%20are%20available.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F08%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs11069-020-04178-3%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220921-030X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22WP3XF63I%22%2C%22BJ844U2D%22%2C%22VZ4LIEJJ%22%2C%22NFXPHDEG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-21T00%3A11%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2223M5T8EK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Clark%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EClark%2C%20S.%20J.%2C%20Becker%2C%20J.%20M.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Behrens%2C%20J.%20%282020%29.%20The%20Influence%20of%20A%20Cross-Reef%20Channel%20On%20the%20Wave-Driven%20Setup%20and%20Circulation%20at%20Ipan%2C%20Guam.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Oceans%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E125%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%287%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2019jc015722%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2019jc015722%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Influence%20of%20A%20Cross-Reef%20Channel%20On%20the%20Wave-Driven%20Setup%20and%20Circulation%20at%20Ipan%2C%20Guam%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clark%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Becker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Behrens%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20influence%20of%20a%20deep%20%2830%20m%29%2C%20narrow%20%2830%20m%29%20cross-shore%20channel%20on%20the%20circulation%20and%20wave-induced%20setup%20over%20a%20shallow%20%28similar%20to%200.5%20m%29%20and%20wide%20%28similar%20to%20400%20m%29%20shore-attached%20fringing%20reef%20is%20examined%20using%20field%20measurements%20collected%20at%20Ipan%2C%20Guam.%20Mean%20currents%20on%20the%20reef%20flat%20over%20a%207-week%20study%20period%20during%20mid%20and%20high%20tides%20when%20the%20reef%20is%20submerged%20are%20directed%20toward%20the%20channel%20with%20the%20alongshore%20component%20of%20the%20current%20increasing%20with%20proximity%20to%20the%20channel.%20The%20cross-shore%20component%20of%20the%20reef%20flat%20current%20is%20directed%20onshore%20at%20the%20sensors%20in%20the%20far-field%20of%20the%20channel%20with%20a%20weak%20offshore%20flow%20at%20the%20current%20meter%20located%20closest%20to%20the%20channel%20%28similar%20to%20760%20m%20to%20the%20north%29.%20Low-frequency%20fluctuations%20of%20the%20alongshore%20reef%20flat%20current%20and%20offshore%20channel%20current%20are%20significantly%20correlated%20and%20with%20the%20incident%20significant%20wave%20height.%20Mean%20and%20low-frequency%20fluctuating%20currents%20are%20forced%20by%20the%20spatially%20variable%20wave-driven%20setup%2C%20modulated%20by%20tidal%20elevation%2C%20which%20creates%20a%20pressure%20gradient%20over%20the%20reef%20flat%20due%20to%20the%20channel%20where%20waves%20do%20not%20break.%20The%20dominant%20alongshore%20momentum%20balance%20on%20the%20reef%20flat%20is%20between%20the%20pressure%20gradient%20and%20bottom%20stress%2C%20with%20an%20inferred%20drag%20coefficient%20ofC%28D%29%20similar%20to%200.01.%20A%20simple%20analytical%20model%20is%20presented%20that%20is%20consistent%20with%20the%20observations%20and%20delineates%20the%20near-%20and%20far-field%20of%20the%20channel%20as%20a%20function%20of%20the%20aspect%20ratio%20of%20the%20reef.%20Observations%20from%20a%20longer%20deployment%20of%20channel%20currents%20are%20highly%20correlated%20with%20incident%20wave%20height%20in%20distinct%20tidal%20level%20bands.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F07%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2019jc015722%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222169-9275%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22JMZW8RRJ%22%2C%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-15T17%3A42%3A39Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22C7SH2B2A%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Amador%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAmador%2C%20A.%2C%20Arzeno%2C%20I.%20B.%2C%20Giddings%2C%20S.%20N.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Pawlak%2C%20G.%20%282020%29.%20Cross-shore%20structure%20of%20tidally-driven%20alongshore%20flow%20over%20rough%20bathymetry.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Oceans%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3En%5C%2Fa%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%28n%5C%2Fa%29%2C%20e2020JC016264.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2020jc016264%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2020jc016264%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Cross-shore%20structure%20of%20tidally-driven%20alongshore%20flow%20over%20rough%20bathymetry%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Amador%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arzeno%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Giddings%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pawlak%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22A%20tidally-driven%20alongshore%20flow%20on%20the%20western%20coast%20of%20O%27ahu%20Hawai%27i%20is%20examined%20using%20velocity%20measurements%20from%20an%20autonomous%20underwater%20vehicle%20%28AUV%29%20along%20with%20time%20series%20observations%20of%20the%20alongshore%20pressure%20gradient.%20Depth-averaged%20velocities%20over%20the%20forereef%20shelf%20are%20reconstructed%20from%20AUV-based%20velocity%20observations%20as%20a%20function%20of%20cross-shore%20distance%20assuming%20a%20sinusoidal%20tidal%20periodicity.%20Ensemble%20phase%20averages%20of%20the%20alongshore%20pressure%20gradient%20and%20velocities%20from%20multiple%20AUV%20surveys%20reveal%20characteristics%20akin%20to%20an%20oscillatory%20boundary%20layer%2C%20with%20the%20nearshore%20flow%20leading%20the%20offshore%20flow%20in%20phase%20and%20with%20a%20corresponding%20velocity%20attenuation%20at%20shallower%20depths.%20Analysis%20of%20the%20depth-averaged%20alongshore%20momentum%20equation%20indicates%20that%20the%20cross-shore%20structure%20and%20evolution%20of%20the%20tidal%20boundary%20layer%20is%20well%20described%20by%20a%20balance%20between%20the%20local%20acceleration%2C%20the%20barotropic%20pressure%20gradient%2C%20and%20bottom%20drag.%20This%20primary%20balance%20allows%20estimation%20of%20the%20drag%20coefficient%20as%20a%20function%20of%20cross-shore%20distance%20over%20depths%20spanning%20from%2024%20to%206%20m.%20Results%20indicate%20that%20drag%20coefficients%20range%20from%200.004%20to%200.010%20%5B%5Cu00b10.002%5D%20over%20a%20600%20m%20cross-shore%20forereef%20section.%20These%20estimates%20are%20in%20good%20agreement%20with%20previous%20results%20obtained%20at%20the%2012%20m%20isobath%20using%20fixed%20observations%2C%20and%20compare%20favorably%20with%20roughness%20estimates%20from%20LIDAR%20and%20AUV-based%20mapping.%20Roughness%20data%20suggest%20that%20larger%20scales%2C%20with%20wavelengths%20of%20O%2810%20m%29%2C%20play%20a%20more%20significant%20role%20than%20smaller%20meter-scale%20roughness%20in%20determining%20the%20drag%20on%20the%20tidal%20flow.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F06%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2020jc016264%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222169-9275%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22BJ844U2D%22%2C%22DU8RFMGU%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-21T00%3A13%3A08Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22X95W53KN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Jacox%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJacox%2C%20M.%20G.%2C%20Alexander%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20Siedlecki%2C%20S.%2C%20Chen%2C%20K.%2C%20Kwon%2C%20Y.%20O.%2C%20Brodie%2C%20S.%2C%20Ortiz%2C%20I.%2C%20Tommasi%2C%20D.%2C%20Widlansky%2C%20M.%20J.%2C%20Barrie%2C%20D.%2C%20Capotondi%2C%20A.%2C%20Cheng%2C%20W.%2C%20Di%20Lorenzo%2C%20E.%2C%20Edwards%2C%20C.%2C%20Fiechter%2C%20J.%2C%20Fratantoni%2C%20P.%2C%20Hazen%2C%20E.%20L.%2C%20Hermann%2C%20A.%20J.%2C%20Kumar%2C%20A.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Rykaczewski%2C%20R.%20%282020%29.%20Seasonal-to-interannual%20prediction%20of%20North%20American%20coastal%20marine%20ecosystems%3A%20Forecast%20methods%2C%20mechanisms%20of%20predictability%2C%20and%20priority%20developments.%20%3Ci%3EProgress%20in%20Oceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E183%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.pocean.2020.102307%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.pocean.2020.102307%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Seasonal-to-interannual%20prediction%20of%20North%20American%20coastal%20marine%20ecosystems%3A%20Forecast%20methods%2C%20mechanisms%20of%20predictability%2C%20and%20priority%20developments%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jacox%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Alexander%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Siedlecki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%20O.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kwon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brodie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ortiz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tommasi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Widlansky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barrie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Capotondi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cheng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Di%20Lorenzo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Edwards%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fiechter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fratantoni%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hazen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hermann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kumar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Miller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pirhalla%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Buil%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ray%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sheridan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Subramanian%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thompson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thorne%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Annamalai%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aydin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bograd%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Griffis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kearney%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mariotti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rykaczewski%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Marine%20ecosystem%20forecasting%20is%20an%20area%20of%20active%20research%20and%20rapid%20development.%20Promise%20has%20been%20shown%20for%20skillful%20prediction%20of%20physical%2C%20biogeochemical%2C%20and%20ecological%20variables%20on%20a%20range%20of%20timescales%2C%20suggesting%20potential%20for%20forecasts%20to%20aid%20in%20the%20management%20of%20living%20marine%20resources%20and%20coastal%20communities.%20However%2C%20the%20mechanisms%20underlying%20forecast%20skill%20in%20marine%20ecosystems%20are%20often%20poorly%20understood%2C%20and%20many%20forecasts%2C%20especially%20for%20biological%20variables%2C%20rely%20on%20empirical%20statistical%20relationships%20developed%20from%20historical%20observations.%20Here%2C%20we%20review%20statistical%20and%20dynamical%20marine%20ecosystem%20forecasting%20methods%20and%20highlight%20examples%20of%20their%20application%20along%20U.S.%20coastlines%20for%20seasonal-to-interannual%20%281-24%20month%29%20prediction%20of%20properties%20ranging%20from%20coastal%20sea%20level%20to%20marine%20top%20predator%20distributions.%20We%20then%20describe%20known%20mechanisms%20governing%20marine%20ecosystem%20predictability%20and%20how%20they%20have%20been%20used%20in%20forecasts%20to%20date.%20These%20mechanisms%20include%20physical%20atmospheric%20and%20oceanic%20processes%2C%20biogeochemical%20and%20ecological%20responses%20to%20physical%20forcing%2C%20and%20intrinsic%20characteristics%20of%20species%20themselves.%20In%20reviewing%20the%20state%20of%20the%20knowledge%20on%20forecasting%20techniques%20and%20mechanisms%20underlying%20marine%20ecosystem%20predictability%2C%20we%20aim%20to%20facilitate%20forecast%20development%20and%20uptake%20by%20%28i%29%20identifying%20methods%20and%20processes%20that%20can%20be%20exploited%20for%20development%20of%20skillful%20regional%20forecasts%2C%20%28ii%29%20informing%20priorities%20for%20forecast%20development%20and%20verification%2C%20and%20%28iii%29%20improving%20understanding%20of%20conditional%20forecast%20skill%20%28i.e.%2C%20a%20priori%20knowledge%20of%20whether%20a%20forecast%20is%20likely%20to%20be%20skillful%29.%20While%20we%20focus%20primarily%20on%20coastal%20marine%20ecosystems%20surrounding%20North%20America%20%28and%20the%20U.S.%20in%20particular%29%2C%20we%20detail%20forecast%20methods%2C%20physical%20and%20biological%20mechanisms%2C%20and%20priority%20developments%20that%20are%20globally%20relevant.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.pocean.2020.102307%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220079-6611%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22R4DENPGW%22%2C%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-15T17%3A45%3A43Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZA4VBIG9%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Long%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELong%2C%20X.%20Y.%2C%20Widlansky%2C%20M.%20J.%2C%20Schloesser%2C%20F.%2C%20Thompson%2C%20P.%20R.%2C%20Annamalai%2C%20H.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Yoon%2C%20H.%20%282020%29.%20Higher%20sea%20levels%20at%20Hawaii%20caused%20by%20strong%20El%20Nino%20and%20weak%20trade%20winds.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Climate%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E33%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%288%29%2C%203037%26%23x2013%3B3059.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2Fjcli-d-19-0221.1%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2Fjcli-d-19-0221.1%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Higher%20sea%20levels%20at%20Hawaii%20caused%20by%20strong%20El%20Nino%20and%20weak%20trade%20winds%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22X.%20Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Long%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Widlansky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schloesser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thompson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Annamalai%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yoon%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Hawaii%20experienced%20record-high%20sea%20levels%20during%202017%2C%20which%20followed%20the%202015%20strong%20El%20Nino%20and%20coincided%20with%20weak%20trade%20winds%20in%20the%20tropical%20northeastern%20Pacific.%20The%20record%20sea%20levels%20were%20associated%20with%20a%20combination%20of%20processes%2C%20an%20important%20contributing%20factor%20of%20which%20was%20the%20persistent%20high%20sea%20level%20%28similar%20to%2010%20cm%20above%20normal%29%20over%20a%20large%20region%20stretching%20between%20Hawaii%20and%20Mexico.%20High%20sea%20levels%20at%20Mexico%20are%20known%20to%20occur%20during%20strong%20El%20Nino%20as%20the%20coastal%20thermocline%20deepens.%20Planetary%20wave%20theory%20predicts%20that%20these%20coastal%20anomalies%20propagate%20westward%20into%20the%20basin%20interior%3B%20however%2C%20high%20sea%20levels%20at%20Hawaii%20do%20not%20occur%20consistently%20following%20strong%20El%20Nino%20events.%20In%20particular%2C%20Hawaii%20sea%20levels%20remained%20near%20normal%20following%20the%20previous%20strong%20El%20Nino%20of%201997.%20The%20processes%20controlling%20whether%20Hawaii%20sea%20levels%20rise%20after%20El%20Nino%20have%20so%20far%20remained%20unknown.%20Atmosphere-forced%20ocean%20model%20experiments%20show%20that%20anomalous%20surface%20cooling%2C%20controlled%20by%20variable%20trade%20winds%2C%20impacts%20sea%20level%20via%20mixed%20layer%20density%2C%20explaining%20much%20of%20the%20difference%20in%20Hawaiian%20sea%20level%20response%20after%20the%20two%20recent%20strong%20El%20Nino%20events.%20In%20climate%20model%20projections%20with%20greenhouse%20warming%2C%20more%20frequent%20weak%20trade%20winds%20following%20El%20Nino%20events%20are%20expected%2C%20suggesting%20that%20the%20occurrence%20of%20high%20sea%20levels%20at%20Hawaii%20will%20increase%20as%20oceanic%20anomalies%20more%20often%20traverse%20the%20basin.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1175%5C%2Fjcli-d-19-0221.1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220894-8755%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-22T15%3A24%3A25Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2229RMC39E%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Yao%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EYao%2C%20Y.%2C%20Zhang%2C%20Q.%20M.%2C%20Becker%2C%20J.%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%20%282020%29.%20Boussinesq%20modeling%20of%20wave%20processes%20in%20field%20fringing%20reef%20environments.%20%3Ci%3EApplied%20Ocean%20Research%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E95%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.apor.2019.102025%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.apor.2019.102025%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Boussinesq%20modeling%20of%20wave%20processes%20in%20field%20fringing%20reef%20environments%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yao%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Q.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Becker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Boussinesq%20modeling%20of%20wave%20transformation%20over%20coral%20reefs%20to%20date%20focuses%20mainly%20on%20wave%20dynamics%20at%20the%20laboratory%20scale%20using%20idealized%20fringing%20reef%20profiles%20with%20relatively%20smooth%20surfaces.%20To%20better%20understand%20the%20cross-shore%20wave%20dynamics%20associated%20with%20coastal%20wave%20run-up%20in%20field%20studies%20of%20fringing%20reefs%2C%20a%20numerical%20study%20based%20on%20the%20one-dimensional%20horizontal%20%281DH%29%20weakly%20dispersive%2C%20highly%20nonlinear%20Boussinesq%20equations%20is%20carried%20out%20for%20two%20realistic%20fringing%20reefs%20with%20different%20reef%20configurations%20and%20roughness%20characteristics%20in%20the%20Republic%20of%20the%20Marshall%20Islands.%20A%20series%20of%20incident%20wave%20events%20are%20tested%20and%20compared%20to%20the%20field%20observations.%20The%20numerical%20simulations%20demonstrate%20that%20the%20adopted%20model%20reproduces%20the%20cross-shore%20sea%20and%20swell%20%28SS%29%20waves%2C%20infragravity%20%28IG%29%20waves%20and%20wave-induced%20setup%20over%20the%20rough%20reef%20flats%2C%20which%20are%20the%20components%20of%20wave-driven%20runup%20and%20coastal%20inundation.%20The%20model%20then%20is%20applied%20to%20investigate%20the%20mechanisms%20of%20IG%20wave%20generation%20and%20normal%20mode%20excitation%20on%20the%20reef%20flat.%20Finally%2C%20the%20shoreline%20response%20of%20waves%20to%20the%20variations%20of%20the%20surf%20zone%20seabed%20profile%20and%20the%20phase%20of%20incident%20waves%20is%20examined%20via%20the%20numerical%20simulations.%20The%20ability%20to%20predict%20shoreline%20runup%20based%20on%20nearshore%20pressure%20measurements%20also%20is%20considered.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.apor.2019.102025%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220141-1187%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22JMZW8RRJ%22%2C%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-15T17%3A47%3A01Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22B5MGNDIC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lundesgaard%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELundesgaard%2C%20O.%2C%20Winsor%2C%20P.%2C%20Truffer%2C%20M.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%2C%20Powell%2C%20B.%2C%20Statscewich%2C%20H.%2C%20Eidam%2C%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Smith%2C%20C.%20R.%20%282020%29.%20Hydrography%20and%20energetics%20of%20a%20cold%20subpolar%20fjord%3A%20Andvord%20Bay%2C%20western%20Antarctic%20Peninsula.%20%3Ci%3EProgress%20in%20Oceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E181%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.pocean.2019.102224%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.pocean.2019.102224%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Hydrography%20and%20energetics%20of%20a%20cold%20subpolar%20fjord%3A%20Andvord%20Bay%2C%20western%20Antarctic%20Peninsula%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22O.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lundesgaard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Winsor%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Truffer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Powell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Statscewich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eidam%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Fjords%20along%20the%20western%20Antarctic%20Peninsula%20contain%20rich%20marine%20ecosystems%20and%20tidewater%20glaciers%20potentially%20sensitive%20to%20ocean%20change%2C%20but%20much%20is%20unknown%20about%20the%20physical%20oceanography%20of%20these%20fjords.%20This%20paper%20presents%20a%20comprehensive%20description%20of%20the%20physical%20environment%20of%20Andvord%20Bay%2C%20a%20glacial%20fjord%20located%20in%20the%20Gerlache%20Strait%20on%20the%20northern%20end%20of%20the%20Peninsula.%20Measurements%20were%20collected%20as%20part%20of%20the%20FjordEco%20program%20between%20November%202015%20and%20March%202017%2C%20including%20during%20three%20research%20cruises%20and%20from%20a%20number%20of%20fixed%20installations%20%28sub-surface%20moorings%2C%20time%20lapse%20cameras%2C%20and%20automatic%20weather%20stations%29.%20Andvord%20Bay%20is%20located%20just%20north%20of%20a%20sill%20in%20the%20Gerlache%20Strait.%20This%20sill%20inhibits%20the%20direct%20influence%20of%20warm%20Upper%20Circumpolar%20Deep%20Water%20from%20the%20shelf%2C%20and%20deep%20waters%20in%20the%20fjord%20are%20therefore%20relatively%20cold.%20As%20a%20result%2C%20glaciers%20in%20Andvord%20Bay%20are%20not%20subject%20to%20the%20substantial%20ocean-driven%20retreat%20observed%20farther%20south%20on%20the%20Peninsula.%20Instead%2C%20mass%20flux%20from%20the%20glaciers%20occurs%20mainly%20through%20calving.%20The%20influence%20of%20meltwater%20in%20Andvord%20Bay%20is%20small%20compared%20to%20glacial%20fjords%20in%20the%20Arctic%20and%20in%20the%20South%20Shetland%20Islands%2C%20although%20summer%20freshening%20is%20evident%20in%20the%20fjord%20near-surface%20layer%2C%20likely%20as%20a%20result%20of%20glacial%20inputs.%20The%20combination%20of%20surface%20freshening%20and%20the%20absence%20of%20strong%20mean%20wind%20forcing%20in%20the%20fjord%20results%20in%20salinity%20stratification%20extending%20well%20into%20the%20euphotic%20zone%2C%20providing%20advantageous%20conditions%20for%20phytoplankton%20blooms.%20Andvord%20Bay%20is%20generally%20dynamically%20quiet%20compared%20to%20the%20ambient%20ocean%2C%20with%20the%20exception%20of%20during%20local%20katabatic%20wind%20events.%20Exchange%20with%20the%20Gerlache%20Strait%20is%20weak%2C%20although%20the%20deep%20waters%20of%20the%20fjord%20are%20replenished%20on%20an%20annual%20scale%20through%20slow%20lateral%20exchange%20with%20the%20outside.%20In%20addition%2C%20deep%20convection%20may%20play%20a%20role%20in%20ventilating%20subsurface%20waters%20in%20winter.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.pocean.2019.102224%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220079-6611%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-22T15%3A24%3A25Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KSJSZ4UZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Andres%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A18%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAndres%2C%20M.%2C%20Siegelman%2C%20M.%2C%20Hormann%2C%20V.%2C%20Musgrave%2C%20R.%20C.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20S.%20T.%2C%20Rudnick%2C%20D.%20L.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20Alford%2C%20M.%20H.%2C%20Voet%2C%20G.%2C%20Wijesekera%2C%20H.%20W.%2C%20MacKinnon%2C%20J.%20A.%2C%20Centurioni%2C%20L.%2C%20Nash%2C%20J.%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Terrill%2C%20E.%20J.%20%282019%29.%20Eddies%2C%20topography%2C%20and%20the%20abyssal%20flow%20by%20the%20Kyushu-Palau%20Ridge%20near%20Velasco%20Reef.%20%3Ci%3EOceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E32%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29%2C%2046%26%23x2013%3B55.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5670%5C%2Foceanog.2019.410%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5670%5C%2Foceanog.2019.410%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Eddies%2C%20topography%2C%20and%20the%20abyssal%20flow%20by%20the%20Kyushu-Palau%20Ridge%20near%20Velasco%20Reef%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Andres%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Siegelman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hormann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Musgrave%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rudnick%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Alford%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Voet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wijesekera%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22MacKinnon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Centurioni%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nash%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Terrill%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Palau%2C%20an%20island%20group%20in%20the%20tropical%20western%20North%20Pacific%20at%20the%20southern%20end%20of%20Kyushu-Palau%20Ridge%2C%20sits%20near%20the%20boundary%20between%20the%20westward-flowing%20North%20Equatorial%20Current%20%28NEC%29%20and%20the%20eastward-flowing%20North%20Equatorial%20Countercurrent.%20Combining%20remote-sensing%20observations%20of%20the%20sea%20surface%20with%20an%20unprecedented%20in%20situ%20set%20of%20subsurface%20measurements%2C%20we%20examine%20the%20flow%20near%20Palau%20with%20a%20particular%20focus%20on%20the%20abyssal%20circulation%20and%20on%20the%20deep%20expression%20of%20mesoscale%20eddies%20in%20the%20region.%20We%20find%20that%20the%20deep%20currents%20time-averaged%20over%2010%20months%20are%20generally%20very%20weak%20north%20of%20Palau%20and%20not%20aligned%20with%20the%20NEC%20in%20the%20upper%20ocean.%20This%20weak%20abyssal%20flow%20is%20punctuated%20by%20the%20passing%20of%20mesoscale%20eddies%2C%20evident%20as%20sea%20surface%20height%20anomalies%2C%20that%20disrupt%20the%20mean%20flow%20from%20the%20surface%20to%20the%20seafloor.%20Eddy%20influence%20is%20observed%20to%20depths%20exceeding%204%2C200%20m.%20These%20deep-reaching%20mesoscale%20eddies%20typically%20propagate%20westward%20past%20Palau%2C%20and%20as%20they%20do%2C%20any%20associated%20deep%20flows%20must%20contend%20with%20the%20topography%20of%20the%20Kyushu-Palau%20Ridge.%20This%20interaction%20leads%20to%20vertical%20structure%20far%20below%20the%20main%20thermocline.%20Observations%20examined%20here%20for%20one%20particularly%20strong%20and%20well-sampled%20eddy%20suggest%20that%20the%20flow%20was%20equivalent%20barotropic%20in%20the%20far%20field%20east%20and%20west%20of%20the%20ridge%2C%20with%20a%20more%20complicated%20vertical%20structure%20in%20the%20immediate%20vicinity%20of%20the%20ridge%20by%20the%20tip%20of%20Velasco%20Reef.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5670%5C%2Foceanog.2019.410%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221042-8275%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PX424VPY%22%2C%22Q4IQ5F7I%22%2C%228P36D8SK%22%2C%22T7QYKVBH%22%2C%22BJ844U2D%22%2C%22ZWQ774MD%22%2C%22J5ZYBUXJ%22%2C%22JBN2ZMD6%22%2C%22P2Q52LDE%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-05-03T22%3A52%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22XXXWPQKP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Johnston%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A14%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJohnston%2C%20T.%20M.%20S.%2C%20MacKinnon%2C%20J.%20A.%2C%20Colin%2C%20P.%20L.%2C%20Haley%2C%20P.%20J.%2C%20Lermusiaux%2C%20P.%20F.%20J.%2C%20Lucas%2C%20A.%20J.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20S.%20T.%2C%20Mirabito%2C%20C.%2C%20Nash%2C%20J.%20D.%2C%20Ou%2C%20C.%20Y.%2C%20Siegeiman%2C%20M.%2C%20Terrill%2C%20E.%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Waterhouse%2C%20A.%20F.%20%282019%29.%20Energy%20and%20momentum%20lost%20to%20wake%20eddies%20and%20lee%20waves%20generated%20by%20the%20north%20equatorial%20current%20and%20tidal%20flows%20at%20Peleliu%2C%20Palau.%20%3Ci%3EOceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E32%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29%2C%20110%26%23x2013%3B125.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5670%5C%2Foceanog.2019.417%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5670%5C%2Foceanog.2019.417%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Energy%20and%20momentum%20lost%20to%20wake%20eddies%20and%20lee%20waves%20generated%20by%20the%20north%20equatorial%20current%20and%20tidal%20flows%20at%20Peleliu%2C%20Palau%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20M.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnston%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22MacKinnon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Colin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20F.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lermusiaux%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lucas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mirabito%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nash%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Siegeiman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Terrill%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Waterhouse%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20North%20Equatorial%20Current%20%28NEC%29%20transports%20water%20westward%20around%20numerous%20islands%20and%20over%20submarine%20ridges%20in%20the%20western%20Pacific.%20As%20the%20currents%20flow%20over%20and%20around%20this%20topography%2C%20the%20central%20question%20is%3A%20how%20are%20momentum%20and%20energy%20in%20the%20incident%20flow%20transferred%20to%20finer%20scales%3F%20At%20the%20south%20point%20of%20Peleliu%20Island%2C%20Palau%2C%20a%20combination%20of%20strong%20NEC%20currents%20and%20tides%20flow%20over%20a%20steep%2C%20submarine%20ridge.%20Energy%20cascades%20suddenly%20from%20the%20NEC%20via%20the%201%20km%20scale%20lee%20waves%20and%20wake%20eddies%20to%20turbulence.%20These%20submesoscale%20wake%20eddies%20are%20observed%20every%20tidal%20cycle%2C%20and%20also%20in%20model%20simulations.%20As%20the%20flow%20in%20each%20eddy%20recirculates%20and%20encounters%20the%20incident%20flow%20again%2C%20the%20associated%20front%20contains%20interleaving%20temperature%20%28T%29%20structures%20with%201-10%20m%20horizontal%20extent.%20Turbulent%20dissipation%20%28epsilon%29%20exceeds%2010%28-5%29%20W%20kg%28-1%29%20along%20this%20tilted%20and%20strongly%20sheared%20front.%20A%20train%20of%20such%20submesoscale%20eddies%20can%20be%20seen%20at%20least%2050%20km%20downstream.%20Internal%20lee%20waves%20with%201%20km%20wavelengths%20are%20also%20observed%20over%20the%20submarine%20ridge.%20The%20mean%20form%20drag%20exerted%20by%20the%20waves%20%28i.e.%2C%20upward%20transport%20of%20eastward%20momentum%29%20of%20about%201%20Pa%20is%20sufficient%20to%20substantially%20reduce%20the%20westward%20NEC%2C%20if%20not%20for%20other%20forcing%2C%20and%20is%20greater%20than%20the%20turbulent%20bottom%20drag%20of%20about%200.1%20Pa.%20The%20effect%20on%20the%20incident%20flow%20of%20the%20form%20drag%20from%20only%20one%20submarine%20ridge%20may%20be%20similar%20to%20the%20bottom%20drag%20along%20the%20entire%20coastline%20of%20Palau.%20The%20observed%20epsilon%20is%20also%20consistent%20with%20local%20dissipation%20of%20lee%20wave%20energy.%20The%20circulation%2C%20including%20lee%20waves%20and%20wake%20eddies%2C%20was%20simulated%20by%20a%20data-driven%20primitive%20equation%20ocean%20model.%20The%20model%20estimates%20of%20the%20form%20drags%20exerted%20by%20pressure%20drops%20across%20the%20submarine%20ridge%20and%20due%20to%20wake%20eddies%20were%20found%20to%20be%20about%2010%20times%20higher%20than%20the%20lee%20wave%20and%20turbulent%20bottom%20drags.%20The%20ridge%20form%20drag%20was%20correlated%20to%20both%20the%20tidal%20flow%20and%20winds%20while%20the%20submesoscale%20wake%20eddy%20drag%20was%20mainly%20tidal.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5670%5C%2Foceanog.2019.417%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221042-8275%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228P36D8SK%22%2C%22DKWVJK25%22%2C%22BJ844U2D%22%2C%222F3FBK29%22%2C%22ZWQ774MD%22%2C%22AQ8YYSAP%22%2C%22P2Q52LDE%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-05-03T22%3A52%3A57Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22W4ILXHWE%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Siegelman%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A10%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESiegelman%2C%20M.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20Firing%2C%20E.%2C%20MacKinnon%2C%20J.%20A.%2C%20Alford%2C%20M.%20H.%2C%20Voet%2C%20G.%2C%20Wijesekera%2C%20H.%20W.%2C%20Schramek%2C%20T.%20A.%2C%20Zeiden%2C%20K.%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Terrill%2C%20E.%20J.%20%282019%29.%20Observations%20of%20near-inertial%20surface%20currents%20at%20Palau.%20%3Ci%3EOceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E32%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29%2C%2074%26%23x2013%3B83.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5670%5C%2Foceanog.2019.413%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5670%5C%2Foceanog.2019.413%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Observations%20of%20near-inertial%20surface%20currents%20at%20Palau%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Siegelman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Firing%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22MacKinnon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Alford%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Voet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wijesekera%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schramek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zeiden%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Terrill%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22An%20impulsive%20or%20rotary%20wind%20stress%20can%20excite%20near-inertial%20oscillations%20%28NIOs%29%20in%20the%20surface%20mixed%20layer.%20Although%20previous%20work%20shows%20that%20coastal%20boundaries%20modify%20NIOs%2C%20few%20studies%20have%20explored%20their%20behavior%20near%20island%20topography.%20Understanding%20how%20topography%20modifies%20NIOs%20provides%20insight%20into%20physical%20processes%20that%20contribute%20to%20local%20mixing%2C%20which%20enhances%20biological%20richness%20near%20islands.%20Here%2C%20encounters%20between%20NIOs%20and%20the%20island%20chain%20of%20Palau%20are%20examined%20using%20moored%20current%20meter%20measurements%20from%20a%2010-month%20field%20study.%20Near-inertial%20currents%20are%20surface%20intensified%2C%20where%20typical%20speeds%20of%200.15%20m%20s%20%27%20in%20the%20surface%20layer%20are%20twice%20those%20below%2050%20m.%20At%20moorings%20farthest%20from%20Palau%20topography%2C%20near-inertial%20surface%20currents%20are%20intermittent%20and%20clockwise%20rotational%2C%20suggestive%20of%20wind-generated%20NIOs.%20Closer%20to%20the%20topography%2C%20near-inertial%20currents%20become%20more%20rectilinear%2C%20with%20enhanced%20energy%20at%20the%20northern%20and%20southern%20tips%20compared%20to%20along%20the%20north-south%20oriented%20coastline%20of%20the%20elongated%20island%20chain.%20The%20first%20empirical%20orthogonal%20function%20of%20near-inertial%20vector%20surface%20currents%20%2862%25%20of%20the%20total%20variance%20in%20the%20near-inertial%20band%29%20reveals%20a%20broadly%20uniform%20flow%20that%20spans%20the%20northern%20and%20southern%20extents%20of%20the%20island%2C%20suggestive%20of%20a%20slab-like%20NIO%20response%20to%20wind%20stress%2C%20modified%20as%20the%20island%20topography%20blocks%20the%20flow%20To%20further%20characterize%20the%20impact%20of%20the%20topography%20on%20near-inertial%20currents%2C%20a%20cluster%20of%20moorings%20at%20the%20northern%20tip%20of%20Palau%20is%20used%20to%20estimate%20vorticity%2C%20which%20increases%20as%20near-inertial%20current%20speeds%20increase.%20Near-inertial%20vorticity%20is%20attributed%20to%20frictional%20torque%20caused%20by%20the%20topographically%20enhanced%20near-inertial%20currents%20brushing%20against%20the%20northern%20tip%20of%20Palau.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5670%5C%2Foceanog.2019.413%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221042-8275%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PX424VPY%22%2C%228P36D8SK%22%2C%22BJ844U2D%22%2C%22ZWQ774MD%22%2C%22J5ZYBUXJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-05T16%3A17%3A45Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZXGHP56Q%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schramek%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A8%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESchramek%2C%20T.%20A.%2C%20Cornuelle%2C%20B.%20D.%2C%20Gopalakrishnan%2C%20G.%2C%20Colin%2C%20P.%20L.%2C%20Rowley%2C%20S.%20J.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Terrill%2C%20E.%20J.%20%282019%29.%20Tropical%20western%20Pacific%20thermal%20structure%20and%20its%20relationship%20to%20ocean%20surface%20variables%3A%20A%20numerical%20state%20estimate%20and%20forereef%20temperature%20records.%20%3Ci%3EOceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E32%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29%2C%20156%26%23x2013%3B163.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5670%5C%2Foceanog.2019.421%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5670%5C%2Foceanog.2019.421%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Tropical%20western%20Pacific%20thermal%20structure%20and%20its%20relationship%20to%20ocean%20surface%20variables%3A%20A%20numerical%20state%20estimate%20and%20forereef%20temperature%20records%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schramek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cornuelle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gopalakrishnan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Colin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rowley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Terrill%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Complex%20interactions%20between%20open%20ocean%20and%20nearshore%20environments%20pose%20a%20predictability%20problem.%20Basin-scale%20ocean%20models%20are%20typically%20run%20at%20grid%20scales%20that%20do%20not%20accurately%20resolve%20individual%20islands%2C%20and%20model%20output%20is%20assessed%20mostly%20using%20observations%20of%20the%20open%20ocean.%20Thus%2C%20model%20ability%20to%20replicate%20island%20forereef%20oceanic%20variability%20has%20gone%20largely%20untested.%20Here%2C%20an%20eight-year%20regional%20state%20estimate%20covering%202009-2017%20is%20compared%20to%20bottom%20temperature%20observations%20at%20the%20western%20Pacific%20islands%20of%20Palau%20and%20Pohnpei%2C%20and%20is%20found%20to%20reproduce%20the%20observed%20seasonal%20to%20interannual%20variability.%20Because%20of%20their%20steep%20bathymetry%2C%20these%20islands%20can%20act%20as%20moorings.%20Sea%20surface%20variables%2C%20such%20as%20temperature%20%28SST%29%20and%20height%20%28SSH%29%2C%20have%20been%20shown%20to%20predict%20upper%20ocean%20thermal%20structure%20in%20the%20region%2C%20but%20the%20spatial%20structure%20of%20the%20relationship%20has%20gone%20unexplored.%20The%20state%20estimate%20was%20used%20to%20examine%20the%20multivariate%20predictability%20of%20temperature%20at%20depths%20to%20about%20200%20m%20both%20at%20the%20island%20boundaries%20and%20throughout%20the%20domain.%20The%20results%20show%20that%20the%20best%20multiple%20linear%20regression%20%28MLR%29%20skill%20was%20found%20near%20Palau%2C%20but%20useful%20skill%20%28%3E0.6%29%20was%20available%20through%20much%20of%20the%20region%20within%20the%20anticyclonic%20gyre%20driven%20by%20positive%20wind-stress%20curl.%20Point%20SSH%20measurements%20offered%20prediction%20skill%20for%20areas%20extending%20a%20few%20hundred%20kilometers%20zonally%20and%20perhaps%20100%20km%20meridionally.%20The%20insights%20into%20the%20additional%20information%20contained%20in%20surface%20variables%20in%20this%20region%20could%20aid%20in%20advancement%20of%20ocean%20modeling%20as%20well%20as%20predictions%20of%20ecological%20patterns%20and%20stressors.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5670%5C%2Foceanog.2019.421%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221042-8275%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22TFFGCZNI%22%2C%228P36D8SK%22%2C%22784978NX%22%2C%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-05T16%3A17%3A51Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22TFT3DP6S%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Gove%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGove%2C%20J.%20M.%2C%20Whitney%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20McManus%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20Lecky%2C%20J.%2C%20Carvalho%2C%20F.%20C.%2C%20Lynch%2C%20J.%20M.%2C%20Li%2C%20J.%20W.%2C%20Neubauer%2C%20P.%2C%20Smith%2C%20K.%20A.%2C%20Phipps%2C%20J.%20E.%2C%20Kobayashi%2C%20D.%20R.%2C%20Balagso%2C%20K.%20B.%2C%20Contreras%2C%20E.%20A.%2C%20Manuel%2C%20M.%20E.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20Polovina%2C%20J.%20J.%2C%20Asner%2C%20G.%20P.%2C%20Maynard%2C%20J.%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Williams%2C%20G.%20J.%20%282019%29.%20Prey-size%20plastics%20are%20invading%20larval%20fish%20nurseries.%20%3Ci%3EProceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences%20of%20the%20United%20States%20of%20America%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E116%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2848%29%2C%2024143%26%23x2013%3B24149.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1073%5C%2Fpnas.1907496116%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1073%5C%2Fpnas.1907496116%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Prey-size%20plastics%20are%20invading%20larval%20fish%20nurseries%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gove%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Whitney%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McManus%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lecky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Carvalho%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lynch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Neubauer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Phipps%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kobayashi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Balagso%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Contreras%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manuel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Polovina%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Asner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maynard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Williams%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Life%20for%20many%20of%20the%20world%27s%20marine%20fish%20begins%20at%20the%20ocean%20surface.%20Ocean%20conditions%20dictate%20food%20availability%20and%20govern%20survivorship%2C%20yet%20little%20is%20known%20about%20the%20habitat%20preferences%20of%20larval%20fish%20during%20this%20highly%20vulnerable%20life-history%20stage.%20Here%20we%20show%20that%20surface%20slicks%2C%20a%20ubiquitous%20coastal%20ocean%20convergence%20feature%2C%20are%20important%20nurseries%20for%20larval%20fish%20from%20many%20ocean%20habitats%20at%20ecosystem%20scales.%20Slicks%20had%20higher%20densities%20of%20marine%20phytoplankton%20%281.7-fold%29%2C%20zooplankton%20%28larval%20fish%20prey%3B%203.7-fold%29%2C%20and%20larval%20fish%20%288.1-fold%29%20than%20nearby%20ambient%20waters%20across%20our%20study%20region%20in%20Hawai%27i.%20Slicks%20contained%20larger%2C%20more%20well-developed%20individuals%20with%20competent%20swimming%20abilities%20compared%20to%20ambient%20waters%2C%20suggesting%20a%20physiological%20benefit%20to%20increased%20prey%20resources.%20Slicks%20also%20disproportionately%20accumulated%20prey-size%20plastics%2C%20resulting%20in%20a%2060-fold%20higher%20ratio%20of%20plastics%20to%20larval%20fish%20prey%20than%20nearby%20waters.%20Dissections%20of%20hundreds%20of%20larval%20fish%20found%20that%208.6%25%20of%20individuals%20in%20slicks%20had%20ingested%20plastics%2C%20a%202.3-fold%20higher%20occurrence%20than%20larval%20fish%20from%20ambient%20waters.%20Plastics%20were%20found%20in%207%20of%208%20families%20dissected%2C%20including%20swordfish%20%28Xiphiidae%29%2C%20a%20commercially%20targeted%20species%2C%20and%20flying%20fish%20%28Exocoetidae%29%2C%20a%20principal%20prey%20item%20for%20tuna%20and%20seabirds.%20Scaling%20up%20across%20an%20similar%20to%201%2C000%20km%282%29%20coastal%20ecosystem%20in%20Hawai%27i%20revealed%20slicks%20occupied%20only%208.3%25%20of%20ocean%20surface%20habitat%20but%20contained%2042.3%25%20of%20all%20neustonic%20larval%20fish%20and%2091.8%25%20of%20all%20floating%20plastics.%20The%20ingestion%20of%20plastics%20by%20larval%20fish%20could%20reduce%20survivorship%2C%20compounding%20threats%20to%20fisheries%20productivity%20posed%20by%20overfishing%2C%20climate%20change%2C%20and%20habitat%20loss.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1073%5C%2Fpnas.1907496116%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220027-8424%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-22T15%3A24%3A28Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22W7MJ9XPM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Woodworth%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWoodworth%2C%20P.%20L.%2C%20Melet%2C%20A.%2C%20Marcos%2C%20M.%2C%20Ray%2C%20R.%20D.%2C%20Woppelmann%2C%20G.%2C%20Sasaki%2C%20Y.%20N.%2C%20Cirano%2C%20M.%2C%20Hibbert%2C%20A.%2C%20Huthnance%2C%20J.%20M.%2C%20Monserrat%2C%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%20%282019%29.%20Forcing%20factors%20affecting%20sea%20level%20changes%20at%20the%20coast.%20%3Ci%3ESurveys%20in%20Geophysics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E40%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%286%29%2C%201351%26%23x2013%3B1397.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10712-019-09531-1%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10712-019-09531-1%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Forcing%20factors%20affecting%20sea%20level%20changes%20at%20the%20coast%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Woodworth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Melet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Marcos%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ray%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Woppelmann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sasaki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cirano%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hibbert%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Huthnance%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Monserrat%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20review%20the%20characteristics%20of%20sea%20level%20variability%20at%20the%20coast%20focussing%20on%20how%20it%20differs%20from%20the%20variability%20in%20the%20nearby%20deep%20ocean.%20Sea%20level%20variability%20occurs%20on%20all%20timescales%2C%20with%20processes%20at%20higher%20frequencies%20tending%20to%20have%20a%20larger%20magnitude%20at%20the%20coast%20due%20to%20resonance%20and%20other%20dynamics.%20In%20the%20case%20of%20some%20processes%2C%20such%20as%20the%20tides%2C%20the%20presence%20of%20the%20coast%20and%20the%20shallow%20waters%20of%20the%20shelves%20results%20in%20the%20processes%20being%20considerably%20more%20complex%20than%20offshore.%20However%2C%20%27coastal%20variability%27%20should%20not%20always%20be%20considered%20as%20%27short%20spatial%20scale%20variability%27%20but%20can%20be%20the%20result%20of%20signals%20transmitted%20along%20the%20coast%20from%201000s%20km%20away.%20Fortunately%2C%20thanks%20to%20tide%20gauges%20being%20necessarily%20located%20at%20the%20coast%2C%20many%20aspects%20of%20coastal%20sea%20level%20variability%20can%20be%20claimed%20to%20be%20better%20understood%20than%20those%20in%20the%20deep%20ocean.%20Nevertheless%2C%20certain%20aspects%20of%20coastal%20variability%20remain%20under-researched%2C%20including%20how%20changes%20in%20some%20processes%20%28e.g.%2C%20wave%20setup%2C%20river%20runoff%29%20may%20have%20contributed%20to%20the%20historical%20mean%20sea%20level%20records%20obtained%20from%20tide%20gauges%20which%20are%20now%20used%20routinely%20in%20large-scale%20climate%20research.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs10712-019-09531-1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220169-3298%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-22T15%3A24%3A24Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QA9L7UPU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Capotondi%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECapotondi%2C%20A.%2C%20Jacox%2C%20M.%2C%20Bowler%2C%20C.%2C%20Kavanaugh%2C%20M.%2C%20Lehodey%2C%20P.%2C%20Barrie%2C%20D.%2C%20Brodie%2C%20S.%2C%20Chaffron%2C%20S.%2C%20Cheng%2C%20W.%2C%20Dias%2C%20D.%20F.%2C%20Eveillard%2C%20D.%2C%20Guidi%2C%20L.%2C%20Iudicone%2C%20D.%2C%20Lovenduski%2C%20N.%20S.%2C%20Nye%2C%20J.%20A.%2C%20Ortiz%2C%20I.%2C%20Pirhalla%2C%20D.%2C%20Buil%2C%20M.%20P.%2C%20Saba%2C%20V.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Pesant%2C%20S.%20%282019%29.%20Observational%20needs%20supporting%20marine%20ecosystems%20modeling%20and%20forecasting%3A%20From%20the%20global%20ocean%20to%20regional%20and%20coastal%20systems.%20%3Ci%3EFrontiers%20in%20Marine%20Science%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E6%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffmars.2019.00623%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffmars.2019.00623%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Observational%20needs%20supporting%20marine%20ecosystems%20modeling%20and%20forecasting%3A%20From%20the%20global%20ocean%20to%20regional%20and%20coastal%20systems%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Capotondi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jacox%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bowler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kavanaugh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lehodey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barrie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brodie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chaffron%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cheng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dias%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eveillard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Guidi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Iudicone%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lovenduski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nye%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ortiz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pirhalla%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Buil%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saba%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sheridan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Siedlecki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Subramanian%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22de%20Vargas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Di%20Lorenzo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Doney%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hermann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Joyce%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Miller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Not%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pesant%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Many%20coastal%20areas%20host%20rich%20marine%20ecosystems%20and%20are%20also%20centers%20of%20economic%20activities%2C%20including%20fishing%2C%20shipping%20and%20recreation.%20Due%20to%20the%20socioeconomic%20and%20ecological%20importance%20of%20these%20areas%2C%20predicting%20relevant%20indicators%20of%20the%20ecosystem%20state%20on%20sub-seasonal%20to%20interannual%20timescales%20is%20gaining%20increasing%20attention.%20Depending%20on%20the%20application%2C%20forecasts%20may%20be%20sought%20for%20variables%20and%20indicators%20spanning%20physics%20%28e.g.%2C%20sea%20level%2C%20temperature%2C%20currents%29%2C%20chemistry%20%28e.g.%2C%20nutrients%2C%20oxygen%2C%20pH%29%2C%20and%20biology%20%28from%20viruses%20to%20top%20predators%29.%20Many%20components%20of%20the%20marine%20ecosystem%20are%20known%20to%20be%20influenced%20by%20leading%20modes%20of%20climate%20variability%2C%20which%20provide%20a%20physical%20basis%20for%20predictability.%20However%2C%20prediction%20capabilities%20remain%20limited%20by%20the%20lack%20of%20a%20clear%20understanding%20of%20the%20physical%20and%20biological%20processes%20involved%2C%20as%20well%20as%20by%20insufficient%20observations%20for%20forecast%20initialization%20and%20verification.%20The%20situation%20is%20further%20complicated%20by%20the%20influence%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20ocean%20conditions%20along%20coastal%20areas%2C%20including%20sea%20level%20rise%2C%20increased%20stratification%2C%20and%20shoaling%20of%20oxygen%20minimum%20zones.%20Observations%20are%20thus%20vital%20to%20all%20aspects%20of%20marine%20forecasting%3A%20statistical%20and%5C%2For%20dynamical%20model%20development%2C%20forecast%20initialization%2C%20and%20forecast%20validation%2C%20each%20of%20which%20has%20different%20observational%20requirements%2C%20which%20may%20be%20also%20specific%20to%20the%20study%20region.%20Here%2C%20we%20use%20examples%20from%20United%20States%20%28U.S.%29%20coastal%20applications%20to%20identify%20and%20describe%20the%20key%20requirements%20for%20an%20observational%20network%20that%20is%20needed%20to%20facilitate%20improved%20process%20understanding%2C%20as%20well%20as%20for%20sustaining%20operational%20ecosystem%20forecasting.%20We%20also%20describe%20new%20holistic%20observational%20approaches%2C%20e.g.%2C%20approaches%20based%20on%20acoustics%2C%20inspired%20by%20Tara%20Oceans%20or%20by%20landscape%20ecology%2C%20which%20have%20the%20potential%20to%20support%20and%20expand%20ecosystem%20modeling%20and%20forecasting%20activities%20by%20bridging%20global%20and%20local%20observations.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3389%5C%2Ffmars.2019.00623%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22R4DENPGW%22%2C%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-15T19%3A00%3A29Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QTYDBJAM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Piecuch%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EPiecuch%2C%20C.%20G.%2C%20Thompson%2C%20P.%20R.%2C%20Ponte%2C%20R.%20M.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Hamlington%2C%20B.%20D.%20%282019%29.%20What%20caused%20recent%20shifts%20in%20tropical%20Pacific%20decadal%20sea-level%20trends%3F%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Oceans%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2019jc015339%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2019jc015339%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22What%20caused%20recent%20shifts%20in%20tropical%20Pacific%20decadal%20sea-level%20trends%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Piecuch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thompson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ponte%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamlington%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Satellite%20altimetry%20reveals%20substantial%20decadal%20variability%20in%20sea%20level%20zeta%20across%20the%20tropical%20Pacific%20during%201993-2015.%20An%20ocean%20state%20estimate%20that%20faithfully%20reproduces%20the%20observations%20is%20used%20to%20elucidate%20the%20origin%20of%20these%20low-frequency%20tropical%20Pacific%20zeta%20variations.%20Analysis%20of%20the%20hydrostatic%20equation%20reveals%20that%20recent%20decadal%20zeta%20changes%20in%20the%20tropical%20Pacific%20are%20mainly%20thermosteric%20in%20nature%2C%20related%20to%20changes%20in%20upper-ocean%20heat%20content.%20A%20forcing%20experiment%20performed%20with%20the%20numerical%20model%20suggests%20that%20anomalous%20wind%20stress%20was%20an%20important%20driver%20of%20the%20relevant%20heat%20storage%20and%20thermosteric%20variation.%20Closed%20budget%20diagnostics%20further%20clarify%20that%20the%20wind-stress-related%20thermosteric%20zeta%20variation%20resulted%20from%20the%20joint%20actions%20of%20large-scale%20ocean%20advection%20and%20local%20surface%20heat%20flux%2C%20such%20that%20advection%20controlled%20the%20budget%20over%20shorter%2C%20intraseasonal%20to%20interannual%20time%20scales%2C%20and%20local%20surface%20heat%20flux%20became%20increasingly%20influential%20at%20longer%20decadal%20periods.%20In%20particular%2C%20local%20surface%20heat%20flux%20was%20important%20in%20contributing%20to%20a%20recent%20reversal%20of%20decadal%20zeta%20trends%20in%20the%20tropical%20Pacific.%20Contributions%20from%20local%20surface%20heat%20flux%20partly%20reflect%20damping%20latent%20heat%20flux%20tied%20to%20wind-stress-driven%20sea-surface-temperature%20variations.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2019jc015339%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222169-9275%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-22T15%3A24%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KCWRKRVL%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Cazenave%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECazenave%2C%20A.%2C%20Hamlington%2C%20B.%2C%20Horwath%2C%20M.%2C%20Barletta%2C%20V.%20R.%2C%20Benveniste%2C%20J.%2C%20Chambers%2C%20D.%2C%20Doll%2C%20P.%2C%20Hogg%2C%20A.%20E.%2C%20Legeais%2C%20J.%20F.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%2C%20Meyssignac%2C%20B.%2C%20Mitchum%2C%20G.%2C%20Nerem%2C%20S.%2C%20Pail%2C%20R.%2C%20Palanisamy%2C%20H.%2C%20Paul%2C%20F.%2C%20von%20Schuckmann%2C%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Thompson%2C%20P.%20%282019%29.%20Observational%20requirements%20for%20long-term%20monitoring%20of%20the%20global%20mean%20sea%20level%20and%20its%20components%20over%20the%20altimetry%20era.%20%3Ci%3EFrontiers%20in%20Marine%20Science%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E6%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffmars.2019.00582%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffmars.2019.00582%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Observational%20requirements%20for%20long-term%20monitoring%20of%20the%20global%20mean%20sea%20level%20and%20its%20components%20over%20the%20altimetry%20era%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cazenave%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamlington%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Horwath%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barletta%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Benveniste%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chambers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Doll%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hogg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Legeais%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Meyssignac%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mitchum%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nerem%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pail%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Palanisamy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Paul%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22von%20Schuckmann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thompson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Present-day%20global%20mean%20sea%20level%20rise%20is%20caused%20by%20ocean%20thermal%20expansion%2C%20ice%20mass%20loss%20from%20glaciers%20and%20ice%20sheets%2C%20as%20well%20as%20changes%20in%20terrestrial%20water%20storage.%20For%20that%20reason%2C%20sea%20level%20is%20one%20of%20the%20best%20indicators%20of%20climate%20change%20as%20it%20integrates%20the%20response%20of%20several%20components%20of%20the%20climate%20system%20to%20internal%20and%20external%20forcing%20factors.%20Monitoring%20the%20global%20mean%20sea%20level%20allows%20detecting%20changes%20%28e.g.%2C%20in%20trend%20or%20acceleration%29%20in%20one%20or%20more%20components.%20Besides%2C%20assessing%20closure%20of%20the%20sea%20level%20budget%20allows%20us%20to%20check%20whether%20observed%20sea%20level%20change%20is%20indeed%20explained%20by%20the%20sum%20of%20changes%20affecting%20each%20component.%20If%20not%2C%20this%20would%20reflect%20errors%20in%20some%20of%20the%20components%20or%20missing%20contributions%20not%20accounted%20for%20in%20the%20budget.%20Since%20the%20launch%20of%20TOPEX%5C%2FPoseidon%20in%201992%2C%20a%20precise%2027-year%20continuous%20record%20of%20sea%20level%20change%20is%20available.%20It%20has%20allowed%20major%20advances%20in%20our%20understanding%20of%20how%20the%20Earth%20is%20responding%20to%20climate%20change.%20The%20last%20two%20decades%20are%20also%20marked%20by%20the%20launch%20of%20the%20GRACE%20satellite%20gravity%20mission%20and%20the%20development%20of%20the%20Argo%20network%20of%20profiling%20floats.%20GRACE%20space%20gravimetry%20allows%20the%20monitoring%20of%20mass%20redistributions%20inside%20the%20Earth%20system%2C%20in%20particular%20land%20ice%20mass%20variations%20as%20well%20as%20changes%20in%20terrestrial%20water%20storage%20and%20in%20ocean%20mass%2C%20while%20Argo%20floats%20allow%20monitoring%20sea%20water%20thermal%20expansion%20due%20to%20the%20warming%20of%20the%20oceans.%20Together%2C%20satellite%20altimetry%2C%20space%20gravity%2C%20and%20Argo%20measurements%20provide%20unprecedented%20insight%20into%20the%20magnitude%2C%20spatial%20variability%2C%20and%20causes%20of%20present-day%20sea%20level%20change.%20With%20this%20observational%20network%2C%20we%20are%20now%20in%20a%20position%20to%20address%20many%20outstanding%20questions%20that%20are%20important%20to%20planning%20for%20future%20sea%20level%20rise.%20Here%2C%20we%20detail%20the%20network%20for%20observing%20sea%20level%20and%20its%20components%2C%20underscore%20the%20importance%20of%20these%20observations%2C%20and%20emphasize%20the%20need%20to%20maintain%20current%20systems%2C%20improve%20their%20sensors%2C%20and%20supplement%20the%20observational%20network%20where%20gaps%20in%20our%20knowledge%20remain.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F09%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3389%5C%2Ffmars.2019.00582%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-22T15%3A24%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CU3NPKKD%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ludka%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A8%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELudka%2C%20B.%20C.%2C%20Guza%2C%20R.%20T.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BReilly%2C%20W.%20C.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20Flick%2C%20R.%20E.%2C%20Bak%2C%20A.%20S.%2C%20Hesser%2C%20T.%2C%20Bucciarelli%2C%20R.%2C%20Olfe%2C%20C.%2C%20Woodward%2C%20B.%2C%20Boyd%2C%20W.%2C%20Smith%2C%20K.%2C%20Okihiro%2C%20M.%2C%20Grenzeback%2C%20R.%2C%20Parry%2C%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Boyd%2C%20G.%20%282019%29.%20Sixteen%20years%20of%20bathymetry%20and%20waves%20at%20San%20Diego%20beaches.%20%3Ci%3EScientific%20Data%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E6%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41597-019-0167-6%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41597-019-0167-6%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Sixteen%20years%20of%20bathymetry%20and%20waves%20at%20San%20Diego%20beaches%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ludka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Guza%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Reilly%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Flick%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hesser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bucciarelli%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Olfe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Woodward%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Boyd%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Okihiro%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grenzeback%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parry%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Boyd%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Sustained%2C%20quantitative%20observations%20of%20nearshore%20waves%20and%20sand%20levels%20are%20essential%20for%20testing%20beach%20evolution%20models%2C%20but%20comprehensive%20datasets%20are%20relatively%20rare.%20We%20document%20beach%20profiles%20and%20concurrent%20waves%20monitored%20at%20three%20southern%20California%20beaches%20during%202001-2016.%20The%20beaches%20include%20offshore%20reefs%2C%20lagoon%20mouths%2C%20hard%20substrates%2C%20and%20cobble%20and%20sandy%20%28medium-grained%29%20sediments.%20The%20data%20span%20two%20energetic%20El%20Nino%20winters%20and%20four%20beach%20nourishments.%20Quarterly%20surveys%20of%20165%20total%20cross-shore%20transects%20%28all%20sites%29%20at%20100%20m%20alongshore%20spacing%20were%20made%20from%20the%20backbeach%20to%208%20m%20depth.%20Monthly%20surveys%20of%20the%20subaerial%20beach%20were%20obtained%20at%20alongshore-oriented%20transects.%20The%20resulting%20dataset%20consists%20of%20%281%29%20raw%20sand%20elevation%20data%2C%20%282%29%20gridded%20elevations%2C%20%283%29%20interpolated%20elevation%20maps%20with%20error%20estimates%2C%20%284%29%20beach%20widths%2C%20subaerial%20and%20total%20sand%20volumes%2C%20%285%29%20locations%20of%20hard%20substrate%20and%20beach%20nourishments%2C%20%286%29%20water%20levels%20from%20a%20NOAA%20tide%20gauge%20%287%29%20wave%20conditions%20from%20a%20buoy-driven%20regional%20wave%20model%2C%20and%20%288%29%20time%20periods%20and%20reaches%20with%20alongshore%20uniform%20bathymetry%2C%20suitable%20for%20testing%201-dimensional%20beach%20profile%20change%20models.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F08%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41597-019-0167-6%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z9IGEY6D%22%2C%22WP3XF63I%22%2C%22BJ844U2D%22%2C%22NFXPHDEG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-25T17%3A53%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GSF9M679%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ray%20and%20Merrifield%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ERay%2C%20R.%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%20%282019%29.%20The%20semiannual%20and%204.4-year%20modulations%20of%20extreme%20high%20tides.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Oceans%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E124%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%288%29%2C%205907%26%23x2013%3B5922.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2019jc015061%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2019jc015061%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20semiannual%20and%204.4-year%20modulations%20of%20extreme%20high%20tides%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ray%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20most%20places%20extreme%20high%20tides%20undergo%20a%20clear%20seasonal%20variation.%20It%20is%20well%20known%20that%20semidiurnal%20tides%20tend%20to%20peak%20during%20equinox%20seasons%2C%20and%20diurnals%20during%20solstice%20seasons.%20This%20is%20a%20consequence%20of%20the%20solar%20and%20lunar%20declinations%2C%20which%20when%20large%20maximize%20diurnal%20tides%20at%20the%20expense%20of%20semidiurnals.%20The%20semiannual%20range%20modulation%20of%20tidal%20extremes%20for%20a%20pure%20semidiurnal%20tide%20is%20determined%20mainly%20by%20the%20amplitude%20of%20the%20K-2%20constituent%3B%20a%20pure%20diurnal%20is%20determined%20mainly%20by%20P-1.%20Mixed%20tidal%20regimes%20tend%20to%20experience%20maxima%20very%20roughly%20around%20the%20times%20of%20solstice%2C%20but%20not%20always%2C%20with%20the%20semiannual%20modulation%20generally%20a%20complicated%20function%20of%20constituent%20amplitudes%20and%20phases.%20These%20modulations%20are%20here%20mapped%20worldwide%20by%20analyzing%20tidal%20extremes%20predicted%20with%20a%20global%20tide%20model.%20The%20known%204.4-year%20modulation%20in%20extreme%20tides%20is%20a%20consequence%20of%20declinational%20and%20perigean%20effects%20coming%20in%20and%20out%20of%20phase.%20The%20phase%20of%20the%204.4-year%20modulation%20is%20controlled%20by%20the%20phase%20of%20the%20semiannual%20modulation%2C%20irrespective%20of%20whether%20the%20tide%20is%20diurnal%2C%20semidiurnal%2C%20or%20mixed.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F08%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2019jc015061%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222169-9275%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-22T15%3A24%3A30Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224B9TNXH5%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ponte%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EPonte%2C%20R.%20M.%2C%20Carson%2C%20M.%2C%20Cirano%2C%20M.%2C%20Domingues%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Jevrejeva%2C%20S.%2C%20Marcos%2C%20M.%2C%20Mitchum%2C%20G.%2C%20van%20de%20Wal%2C%20R.%20S.%20W.%2C%20Woodworth%2C%20P.%20L.%2C%20Ablain%2C%20M.%2C%20Ardhuin%2C%20F.%2C%20Ballu%2C%20V.%2C%20Becker%2C%20M.%2C%20Benveniste%2C%20J.%2C%20Birol%2C%20F.%2C%20Bradshaw%2C%20E.%2C%20Cazenave%2C%20A.%2C%20De%20Mey-Fremaux%2C%20P.%2C%20Durand%2C%20F.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Zhang%2C%20X.%20B.%20%282019%29.%20Towards%20comprehensive%20observing%20and%20modeling%20systems%20for%20monitoring%20and%20predicting%20regional%20to%20coastal%20sea%20level.%20%3Ci%3EFrontiers%20in%20Marine%20Science%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E6%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffmars.2019.00437%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffmars.2019.00437%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Towards%20comprehensive%20observing%20and%20modeling%20systems%20for%20monitoring%20and%20predicting%20regional%20to%20coastal%20sea%20level%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ponte%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Carson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cirano%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Domingues%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jevrejeva%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Marcos%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mitchum%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20S.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20de%20Wal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Woodworth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ablain%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ardhuin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ballu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Becker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Benveniste%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Birol%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bradshaw%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cazenave%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22De%20Mey-Fremaux%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Durand%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ezer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fukumori%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gordon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gravelle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Griffies%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20Q.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Han%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hibbert%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hughes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Idier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kourafalou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Little%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Matthews%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Melet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Meyssignac%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Minobe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Penduff%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Picot%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Piecuch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ray%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rickards%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Santamaria-Gomez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stammer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staneva%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Testut%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thompson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thompson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vignudelli%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Williams%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20D.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Williams%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Woppelmann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zanna%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22X.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhang%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22A%20major%20challenge%20for%20managing%20impacts%20and%20implementing%20effective%20mitigation%20measures%20and%20adaptation%20strategies%20for%20coastal%20zones%20affected%20by%20future%20sea%20level%20%28SL%29%20rise%20is%20our%20limited%20capacity%20to%20predict%20SL%20change%20at%20the%20coast%20on%20relevant%20spatial%20and%20temporal%20scales.%20Predicting%20coastal%20SL%20requires%20the%20ability%20to%20monitor%20and%20simulate%20a%20multitude%20of%20physical%20processes%20affecting%20SL%2C%20from%20local%20effects%20of%20wind%20waves%20and%20river%20runoff%20to%20remote%20influences%20of%20the%20large-scale%20ocean%20circulation%20on%20the%20coast.%20Here%20we%20assess%20our%20current%20understanding%20of%20the%20causes%20of%20coastal%20SL%20variability%20on%20monthly%20to%20multi-decadal%20timescales%2C%20including%20geodetic%2C%20oceanographic%20and%20atmospheric%20aspects%20of%20the%20problem%2C%20and%20review%20available%20observing%20systems%20informing%20on%20coastal%20SL.%20We%20also%20review%20the%20ability%20of%20existing%20models%20and%20data%20assimilation%20systems%20to%20estimate%20coastal%20SL%20variations%20and%20of%20atmosphere-ocean%20global%20coupled%20models%20and%20related%20regional%20downscaling%20efforts%20to%20project%20future%20SL%20changes.%20We%20discuss%20%281%29%20observational%20gaps%20and%20uncertainties%2C%20and%20priorities%20for%20the%20development%20of%20an%20optimal%20and%20integrated%20coastal%20SL%20observing%20system%2C%20%282%29%20strategies%20for%20advancing%20model%20capabilities%20in%20forecasting%20short-term%20processes%20and%20projecting%20long-term%20changes%20affecting%20coastal%20SL%2C%20and%20%283%29%20possible%20future%20developments%20of%20sea%20level%20services%20enabling%20better%20connection%20of%20scientists%20and%20user%20communities%20and%20facilitating%20assessment%20and%20decision%20making%20for%20adaptation%20to%20future%20coastal%20SL%20change.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F07%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3389%5C%2Ffmars.2019.00437%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-22T15%3A24%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%227L5MMGJH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22MacKinnon%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMacKinnon%2C%20J.%20A.%2C%20Alford%2C%20M.%20H.%2C%20Voet%2C%20G.%2C%20Zeiden%2C%20K.%2C%20Johnston%2C%20T.%20M.%20S.%2C%20Siegelman%2C%20M.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20%282019%29.%20Eddy%20wake%20generation%20from%20broadband%20currents%20near%20Palau.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Oceans%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2019jc014945%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2019jc014945%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Eddy%20wake%20generation%20from%20broadband%20currents%20near%20Palau%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jennifer%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22MacKinnon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthew%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Alford%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gunnar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Voet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kristin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zeiden%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20M.%20Shaun%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnston%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mika%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Siegelman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sophia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Wake%20eddies%20are%20frequently%20created%20by%20flow%20separation%20where%20ocean%20currents%20encounter%20abrupt%20topography%20in%20the%20form%20of%20islands%20or%20headlands.%20Most%20previous%20work%20has%20concentrated%20on%20wake%20eddy%20generation%20by%20either%20purely%20oscillatory%20%28usually%20tidal%29%20currents%2C%20or%20quasi-steady%20mean%20flows.%20Here%20we%20report%20measurements%20near%20the%20point%20of%20flow%20separation%20at%20the%20northern%20end%20of%20the%20Palau%20island%20chain%2C%20where%20energetic%20tides%20and%20vertically%20sheared%20low-frequency%20flows%20are%20both%20present.%20Energetic%20turbulence%20measured%20near%20the%20very%20steeply%20sloping%20ocean%20floor%20varied%20cubically%20with%20the%20total%20flow%20speed%20%28primarily%20tidal%29.%20The%20estimated%20turbulent%20viscosity%20suggests%20a%20regime%20of%20flow%20separation%20and%20eddying%20wake%20generation%20for%20flows%20that%20directly%20feel%20this%20drag.%20Small-scale%20%28%5Cu223c%201%20km%29%2C%20vertically%20sheared%20wake%20eddies%20of%20different%20vorticity%20signs%20were%20observed%20with%20a%20ship-board%20survey%20on%20both%20sides%20of%20the%20separation%20point%2C%20and%20significantly%20evolved%20over%20several%20tidal%20periods.%20The%20net%20production%20and%20export%20of%20vorticity%20into%20the%20wake%2C%20expected%20to%20sensitively%20depend%20on%20the%20interplay%20of%20tidal%20and%20low%20frequency%20currents%2C%20is%20explored%20here%20with%20a%20simple%20conceptual%20model.%20Application%20of%20the%20model%20to%20a%2010-month%20mooring%20record%20suggests%20that%20inclusion%20of%20high%20frequency%20oscillatory%20currents%20may%20boost%20the%20net%20flux%20of%20vorticity%20into%20the%20ocean%20interior%20by%20a%20depth%20dependent%20factor%20of%202%20to%2025.%20Models%20that%20do%20not%20represent%20the%20effect%20of%20these%20high%20frequency%20currents%20may%20not%20accurately%20infer%20the%20net%20momentum%20or%20energy%20losses%20felt%20where%20strong%20flows%20encounter%20steep%20island%20or%20headland%20topography.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F06%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2019jc014945%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222169-9275%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PX424VPY%22%2C%22DKWVJK25%22%2C%22BJ844U2D%22%2C%22ZWQ774MD%22%2C%22J5ZYBUXJ%22%2C%22P2Q52LDE%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-05-03T22%3A53%3A55Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SGBZY6HF%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lundesgaard%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELundesgaard%2C%20O.%2C%20Powell%2C%20B.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%2C%20Hahn-Woernle%2C%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Winsor%2C%20P.%20%282019%29.%20Response%20of%20an%20Antarctic%20Peninsula%20fjord%20to%20summer%20katabatic%20wind%20events.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Physical%20Oceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E49%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%286%29%2C%201485%26%23x2013%3B1502.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2Fjpo-d-18-0119.1%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2Fjpo-d-18-0119.1%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Response%20of%20an%20Antarctic%20Peninsula%20fjord%20to%20summer%20katabatic%20wind%20events%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22O.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lundesgaard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Powell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hahn-Woernle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Winsor%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Fjords%20along%20the%20western%20Antarctic%20Peninsula%20are%20episodically%20exposed%20to%20strong%20winds%20flowing%20down%20marine-terminating%20glaciers%20and%20out%20over%20the%20ocean.%20These%20wind%20events%20could%20potentially%20be%20an%20important%20mechanism%20for%20the%20ventilation%20of%20fjord%20waters.%20A%20strong%20wind%20event%20was%20observed%20in%20Andvord%20Bay%20in%20December%202015%2C%20and%20was%20associated%20with%20significant%20increases%20in%20upper-ocean%20salinity.%20We%20examine%20the%20dynamical%20impacts%20of%20such%20wind%20events%20during%20the%20ice-free%20summer%20season%20using%20a%20numerical%20model.%20Passive%20tracers%20are%20used%20to%20identify%20water%20mass%20pathways%20and%20quantify%20exchange%20with%20the%20outer%20ocean.%20Upwelling%20and%20outflow%20in%20the%20model%20fjord%20generate%20an%20average%20salinity%20increase%20of%200.3%20in%20the%20upper%20ocean%20during%20the%20event%2C%20similar%20to%20observations%20from%20Andvord%20Bay.%20Down-fjord%20wind%20events%20are%20a%20highly%20efficient%20mechanism%20for%20flushing%20out%20the%20upper%20fjord%20waters%2C%20but%20have%20little%20net%20impact%20on%20deep%20waters%20in%20the%20inner%20fjord.%20As%20such%2C%20summer%20episodic%20wind%20events%20likely%20have%20a%20large%20effect%20on%20fjord%20phytoplankton%20dynamics%20and%20export%20of%20glacially%20modified%20upper%20waters%2C%20but%20are%20an%20unlikely%20mechanism%20for%20the%20replenishment%20of%20deep%20basin%20waters%20and%20oceanic%20heat%20transport%20toward%20inner-fjord%20glaciers.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F06%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1175%5C%2Fjpo-d-18-0119.1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220022-3670%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-22T15%3A24%3A29Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2288BAUEHF%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Thompson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EThompson%2C%20P.%20R.%2C%20Widlansky%2C%20M.%20J.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20Becker%2C%20J.%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Marra%2C%20J.%20J.%20%282019%29.%20A%20statistical%20model%20for%20frequency%20of%20coastal%20flooding%20in%20Honolulu%2C%20Hawaii%2C%20during%20the%2021st%20century.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Oceans%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E124%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29%2C%202787%26%23x2013%3B2802.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2018jc014741%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2018jc014741%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20statistical%20model%20for%20frequency%20of%20coastal%20flooding%20in%20Honolulu%2C%20Hawaii%2C%20during%20the%2021st%20century%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thompson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Widlansky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Becker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Marra%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20state%20of%20Hawaii%20and%20city%20of%20Honolulu%20experienced%20an%20unprecedented%20number%20of%20minor%20flooding%20episodes%20during%202017%20due%20to%20the%20combination%20of%20seasonal%20high%20tides%20and%20record-high%20mean%20sea%20levels.%20To%20quantify%20the%20impact%20of%20sea%20level%20rise%20on%20the%20tendency%20for%20flooding%20events%20to%20cluster%20in%20future%20years%2C%20we%20developed%20a%20hierarchical%20statistical%20model%20describing%20the%20number%20of%20days%20per%20year%20for%20which%20sea%20level%20exceeds%20a%20prescribed%20threshold%20in%20Honolulu%20as%20a%20function%20of%20annual%20mean%20sea%20level%20and%20the%20amplitude%20of%20the%20highest%20tides.%20Based%20on%20this%20model%2C%20we%20generate%20probabilistic%20projections%20of%20exceedance%20days%20per%20year%20for%20the%2021st%20century%2C%20which%20show%20pronounced%20inflections%20in%20the%20frequency%20of%20exceedance%20days%20due%20to%20the%20interaction%20between%20sea%20level%20rise%20and%20long-period%20%2818.6year%29%20modulation%20of%20tidal%20amplitude.%20Analysis%20of%20the%20projections%20demonstrates%20how%20planning%20for%20the%20typical%20future%20year%20can%20substantially%20underestimate%20flooding%20impacts%20during%20inevitable%20severe%20years%20that%20experience%20many%20more%20exceedance%20days%20than%20expected%20in%20a%20probabilistic%20sense.%20The%20projections%20also%20show%20the%20potential%20for%20rapid%2C%20subdecadal%20transitions%20from%20occasional%20to%20chronic%20threshold%20exceedance%20during%20the%20second%20half%20of%20the%20century%2C%20suggesting%20that%20implementation%20of%20adaptation%20and%20mitigation%20strategies%20may%20need%20to%20begin%20prior%20to%20the%20emergence%20of%20occasional%20minor%20impacts%20in%20affected%20areas.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2018jc014741%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222169-9275%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22JMZW8RRJ%22%2C%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A49%3A55Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22MMMUVF37%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Arzeno%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EArzeno%2C%20I.%20B.%2C%20Collignon%2C%20A.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%2C%20Giddings%2C%20S.%20N.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Pawlak%2C%20G.%20%282018%29.%20An%20alongshore%20momentum%20budget%20over%20a%20fringing%20tropical%20fore-reef.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Oceans%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E123%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2811%29%2C%207839%26%23x2013%3B7855.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2018jc014238%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2018jc014238%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22An%20alongshore%20momentum%20budget%20over%20a%20fringing%20tropical%20fore-reef%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arzeno%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Collignon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Giddings%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pawlak%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Existing%20momentum%20budgets%20over%20coral%20reefs%20have%20predominantly%20focused%20on%20cross-reef%20dynamics%2C%20lacking%20analysis%20of%20alongshore%20processes.%20To%20complement%20existing%20cross-reef%20research%20and%20enhance%20our%20understanding%20of%20forcing%20variability%20at%20the%20semidiurnal%20period%2C%20this%20study%20examines%20the%20sigma-coordinate%2C%20depth-averaged%20alongshore%20momentum%20budget%20over%20a%20fore-reef%20as%20a%20function%20of%20tidal%20phase.%20The%20observations%20were%20gathered%20over%20a%203-week%20timespan%2C%20between%20the%2012-%20and%2020-m%20isobaths%20of%20a%20Hawaiian%20fringing%20reef%20system%2C%20focusing%20on%20two%20moorings%20on%20the%2012-m%20isobath%2C%20where%20median%20drag%20coefficients%20estimated%20from%20log%20fits%20are%20C-D%3D0.0080%5B-0.002%2C%2B0.004%5D%20and%20C-D%3D0.0023%5B-0.0006%2C%2B0.0009%5D.%20Analysis%20at%20one%20location%20shows%20that%20the%20unsteadiness%2C%20barotropic%20pressure%20gradient%2C%20and%20bottom%20drag%20are%20equally%20important%2C%20and%20their%20combination%20is%20sufficient%20to%20close%20the%20momentum%20budget.%20However%2C%20bottom%20drag%20is%20less%20important%20at%20the%20second%20mooring%3B%20the%20difference%20between%20unsteadiness%20and%20pressure%20gradient%20suggests%20that%20advective%20acceleration%20plays%20a%20significant%20role.%20Plain%20Language%20Summary%20Coral%20reefs%20are%20important%2C%20productive%20ocean%20ecosystems%20that%20are%20highly%20influenced%20by%20hydrodynamic%20forcing.%20Although%20a%20lot%20of%20research%20has%20been%20done%20to%20understand%20what%20forces%20drive%20the%20flow%20across%20tropical%20reefs%20%28from%20offshore%20to%20onshore%29%2C%20less%20is%20known%20about%20the%20forces%20that%20drive%20flow%20parallel%20to%20the%20shoreline%20%28alongshore%29.%20Here%20we%20study%20the%20physical%20dynamics%20over%20a%20coral%20reef%20in%20Hawai%27i%20and%20determine%20that%20two%20primary%20forces%20drive%20the%20alongshore%20flow%20acceleration.%20One%20of%20the%20dominant%20forces%20is%20the%20drag%20exerted%20by%20the%20bottom%20reef%2C%20since%20coral%20are%20rougher%20than%20typical%20sandy%20coastal%20beds.%20The%20other%20dominant%20force%20is%20the%20pressure%20gradient%2C%20associated%20with%20the%20difference%20in%20sea%20level%20set%20up%20by%20the%20tide.%20The%20tidal%20cycle%20and%20the%20resulting%20flow%20response%20has%20important%20implications%20for%20the%20reef%20environment%2C%20with%20relevance%20for%20reef%20biology%20and%2C%20eventually%2C%20for%20ecosystem%20management%20policies.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%5C%2F11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2018jc014238%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222169-9275%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22BJ844U2D%22%2C%22DU8RFMGU%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-22T23%3A36%3A11Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22MBXINBMT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schramek%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESchramek%2C%20T.%20A.%2C%20Colin%2C%20P.%20L.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EMerrifield%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Terrill%2C%20E.%20J.%20%282018%29.%20Depth-dependent%20thermal%20stress%20around%20corals%20in%20the%20tropical%20Pacific%20Ocean.%20%3Ci%3EGeophysical%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E45%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2818%29%2C%209739%26%23x2013%3B9747.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2018gl078782%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2018gl078782%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Depth-dependent%20thermal%20stress%20around%20corals%20in%20the%20tropical%20Pacific%20Ocean%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schramek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Colin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Terrill%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Thermally%20driven%20bleaching%20events%20are%20a%20growing%20concern%20for%20reef%20ecosystems%20across%20the%20tropics.%20To%20assess%20and%20predict%20thermal%20stress%20impacts%20on%20reefs%2C%20remotely%20observed%20sea%20surface%20temperature%20%28SST%29%20commonly%20is%20used%3B%20however%2C%20reef%20communities%20typically%20extend%20to%20depths%20where%20SST%20alone%20may%20not%20be%20an%20accurate%20measure%20of%20in%20situ%20variability.%20Here%20nearly%20two%20decades%20of%20temperature%20observations%20%282-%20to%2090-m%20depth%29%20at%20three%20stations%20around%20Palau%20are%20used%20to%20develop%20an%20empirical%20model%20of%20temperature%20variability%20versus%20depth%20based%20on%20SST%20and%20sea%20level%20anomaly%20%28SLA%29.%20The%20technique%20yields%20depth-averaged%20R-2%20values%20%3E0.88%2C%20with%20SLA%20predicting%20fore%20reef%20temperatures%20near%20the%20thermocline%20and%20SST%20capturing%20upper%20mixed%20layer%20temperatures.%20SLA%20complements%20SST%20by%20providing%20a%20proxy%20for%20vertical%20isotherm%20displacements%20driven%20by%20local%20and%20remote%20winds%20on%20intraseasonal%20to%20interannual%20time%20scales.%20Utilizing%20this%20concept%2C%20thermal%20stress%20on%20corals%20can%20be%20predicted%20from%20the%20surface%20through%20the%20mesophotic%20zone.%20Plain%20Language%20Summary%20Coral%20reefs%20are%20often%20bleached%2C%20leading%20to%20their%20death%2C%20due%20to%20exceedingly%20warm%20ocean%20temperatures.%20The%20temperature%20of%20the%20ocean%27s%20surface%2C%20measured%20globally%20by%20satellites%2C%20is%20often%20used%20as%20an%20indicator%20of%20the%20temperature%20and%20stress%20that%20corals%20experience%2C%20but%20it%20can%20only%20tell%20us%20what%20is%20happening%20near%20the%20surface.%20We%20present%20nearly%20two%20decades%20of%20temperature%20records%20from%20the%20reefs%20of%20Palau%2C%20an%20island%20nation%20in%20the%20tropical%20Pacific.%20This%20array%20of%20instruments%20was%20maintained%20by%20skilled%20divers%20routinely%20going%20deeper%20than%2090%20m.%20The%20observations%20allow%20us%20to%20show%20that%20the%20height%20of%20the%20ocean%20surface%20is%20a%20strong%20indicator%20of%20how%20ocean%20temperatures%20are%20changing%20tens%20of%20meters%20below.%20This%20can%20be%20coupled%20with%20observed%20sea%20surface%20temperature%20to%20predict%20the%20temperatures%20experienced%20by%20coral%20reefs%20living%20near%20the%20surface%20as%20well%20as%20those%20living%20deeper%2C%20down%20through%20the%20mesophotic%20zone%2C%20an%20area%20between%2030%20and%20150%20m%20deep.%20The%20research%20suggests%20that%20significant%20improvements%20can%20be%20made%20to%20how%20temperature%20stress%20on%20corals%20is%20assessed.%20We%20also%20find%20that%20thermal%20stress%20events%20can%20penetrate%20into%20the%20realm%20of%20deep%20mesophotic%20coral%20reefs%2C%20meaning%20that%20this%20zone%20might%20not%20be%20refugia%20for%20corals%20living%20in%20a%20warming%20ocean.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%5C%2F09%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2018gl078782%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220094-8276%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228P36D8SK%22%2C%22BJ844U2D%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T15%3A32%3A38Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222W93YTIP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Cazenave%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A6%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECazenave%2C%20A.%2C%20Meyssignac%2C%20B.%2C%20Ablain%2C%20M.%2C%20Balmaseda%2C%20M.%2C%20Bamber%2C%20J.%2C%20Barletta%2C%20V.%2C%20Beckley%2C%20B.%2C%20Benveniste%2C%20J.%2C%20Berthier%2C%20E.%2C%20Blazquez%2C%20A.%2C%20Boyer%2C%20T.%2C%20Caceres%2C%20D.%2C%20Chambers%2C%20D.%2C%20Champollion%2C%20N.%2C%20Chao%2C%20B.%2C%20Chen%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20Cheng%2C%20L.%20J.%2C%20Church%2C%20J.%20A.%2C%20Chuter%2C%20S.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Wcrp%20Global%20Sea%20Level%20Budget%20Grp.%20%282018%29.%20Global%20sea-level%20budget%201993-present.%20%3Ci%3EEarth%20System%20Science%20Data%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E10%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29%2C%201551%26%23x2013%3B1590.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Fessd-10-1551-2018%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Fessd-10-1551-2018%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Global%20sea-level%20budget%201993-present%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cazenave%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Meyssignac%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ablain%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Balmaseda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bamber%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barletta%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Beckley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Benveniste%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Berthier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Blazquez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Boyer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Caceres%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chambers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Champollion%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chao%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cheng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Church%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chuter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cogley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dangendorf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Desbruyeres%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Doll%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Domingues%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22U.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Falk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Famiglietti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fenoglio-Marc%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Forsberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Galassi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gardner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Groh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamlington%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hogg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Horwath%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Humphrey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Husson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ishii%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jaeggi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jevrejeva%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kolodziejczyk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kusche%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lambeck%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Landerer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leclercq%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Legresy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leuliette%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Llovel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Longuevergne%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Loomis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Luthcke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Marcos%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Marzeion%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merchant%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merrifield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Milne%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mitchum%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mohajerani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Monier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Monselesan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nerem%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Palanisamy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Paul%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Perez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Piecuch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ponte%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Purkey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reager%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rietbroek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rignot%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Riva%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Roemmich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sorensen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sasgen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20J.%20O.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schrama%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Seneviratne%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shum%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Spada%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stammer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20de%20Wal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Velicogna%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22von%20Schuckmann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wada%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Watson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wiese%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wijffels%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Westaway%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Woppelmann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wouters%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wcrp%20Global%20Sea%20Level%20Budget%20Grp%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Global%20mean%20sea%20level%20is%20an%20integral%20of%20changes%20occurring%20in%20the%20climate%20system%20in%20response%20to%20unforced%20climate%20variability%20as%20well%20as%20natural%20and%20anthropogenic%20forcing%20factors.%20Its%20temporal%20evolution%20allows%20changes%20%28e.g.%2Cacceleration%29%20to%20be%20detected%20in%20one%20or%20more%20components.%20Study%20of%20the%20sea-level%20budget%20provides%20constraints%20on%20missing%20or%20poorly%20known%20contributions%2C%20such%20as%20the%20unsurveyed%20deep%20ocean%20or%20the%20still%20uncertain%20land%20water%20component.%20In%20the%20context%20of%20the%20World%20Climate%20Research%20Programme%20Grand%20Challenge%20entitled%20%5C%22Regional%20Sea%20Level%20and%20Coastal%20Impacts%5C%22%2C%20an%20international%20effort%20involving%20the%20sea-level%20community%20worldwide%20has%20been%20recently%20initiated%20with%20the%20objective%20of%20assessing%20the%20various%20datasets%20used%20to%20estimate%20components%20of%20the%20sea-level%20budget%20during%20the%20altimetry%20era%20%281993%20to%20present%29.%20These%20datasets%20are%20based%20on%20the%20combination%20of%20a%20broad%20range%20of%20space-based%20and%20in%20situ%20observations%2C%20model%20estimates%2C%20and%20algorithms.%20Evaluating%20their%20quality%2C%20quantifying%20uncertainties%20and%20identifying%20sources%20of%20discrepancies%20between%20component%20estimates%20is%20extremely%20useful%20for%20various%20applications%20in%20climate%20research.%20This%20effort%20involves%20several%20tens%20of%20scientists%20from%20about%2050%20research%20teams%5C%2Finstitutions%20worldwide%20%28www.wcrp-climate.org%5C%2Fgrand-challenges%5C%2Fgc-sea-level%2C%20last%20access%3A%2022%20August%202018%29.%20The%20results%20presented%20in%20this%20paper%20are%20a%20synthesis%20of%20the%20first%20assessment%20performed%20during%202017-2018.%20We%20present%20estimates%20of%20the%20altimetry-based%20global%20mean%20sea%20level%20%28average%20rate%20of%203.1%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.3mm%20yr%28-1%29%20and%20acceleration%20of%200.1%20mm%20yr%28-2%29%20over%201993-present%29%2C%20as%20well%20as%20of%20the%20different%20components%20of%20the%20sea-level%20budget%20%28http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.17882%5C%2F54854%2C%20last%20access%3A%2022%20August%202018%29.%20We%20further%20examine%20closure%20of%20the%20sea-level%20budget%2C%20comparing%20the%20observed%20global%20mean%20sea%20level%20with%20the%20sum%20of%20components.%20Ocean%20thermal%20expansion%2C%20glaciers%2C%20Greenland%20and%20Antarctica%20contribute%2042%25%2C%2021%25%2C%2015%25%20and%208%25%20to%20the%20global%20mean%20sea%20level%20over%20the%201993-present%20period.%20We%20also%20study%20the%20sea-level%20budget%20over%202005-present%2C%20using%20GRACE-based%20ocean%20mass%20estimates%20instead%20of%20the%20sum%20of%20individual%20mass%20components.%20Our%20results%20demonstrate%20that%20the%20global%20mean%20sea%20level%20can%20be%20closed%20to%20within%200.3%20mm%20yr%28-1%29%20%281%20sigma%29.%20Substantial%20uncertainty%20remains%20for%20the%20land%20water%20storage%20component%2C%20as%20shown%20when%20examining%20individual%20mass%20contributions%20to%20sea%20level.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Aug%202018%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5194%5C%2Fessd-10-1551-2018%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221866-3508%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22BJ844U2D%22%2C%22BFW797B3%22%2C%22PMTDF67G%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-11-21T17%3A52%3A16Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Hale, M. L., Merrifield, M. A., Clemesha, R. E. S., Gershunov, A., Guirguis, K., Benmarhnia, T., Dorman, C., & Iacobellis, S. F. (2024). Mean Summer Land Temperatures in the Southern California Coastal Zone: Connections With Ocean Processes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 129(14), e2023JD040188. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD040188
Barnes, A. T., Becker, J. M., Tagarino, K. A., O’Reilly, W. C., Siegelman, M., Thompson, P. R., & Merrifield, M. A. (2024). Rising sea levels and the increase of shoreline wave energy at American Samoa. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 5163. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55636-y
Azouri, A., Roeber, V., Guiles, M. D., Merrifield, M., Becker, J., & Luther, D. S. (2024). Computations of energetic nearshore waves: Are weakly dispersive phase-resolving models telling the same story? Coastal Engineering, 194, 104625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2024.104625
Adusumilli, S., Cirrito, N., Engeman, L., Fiedler, J. W., Guza, R. T., Lange, A. M. Z., Merrifield, M. A., O’Reilly, W., & Young, A. P. (2024). Predicting Shoreline Changes Along the California Coast Using Deep Learning Applied to Satellite Observations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Machine Learning and Computation, 1(3), e2024JH000172. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JH000172
Lange, A. M. Z., Fiedler, J. W., Merrifield, M. A., & Guza, R. T. (2024). Free Infragravity Waves on the Inner Shelf: Observations and Parameterizations at Two Southern California Beaches. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 129(8), e2023JC020378. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JC020378
Stevenson, S., Cobb, K. M., Merrifield, M., Powell, B., Sanchez, S., Nusbaumer, J., O’Connor, G., & Atwood, A. (2023). Contrasting Central Equatorial Pacific Oxygen Isotopic Signatures of the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 El Niño Events. Geophysical Research Letters, 50(21), e2023GL104454. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL104454
Byrne, S. M., Merrifield, M. A., Carter, M. L., Cayan, D. R., Flick, R. E., Gershunov, A., & Giddings, S. N. (2023). Southern California winter precipitation variability reflected in 100-year ocean salinity record. Communications Earth & Environment, 4(1), 143. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00803-8
Sangsefidi, Y., Barnes, A., Merrifield, M., & Davani, H. (2023). Data-driven analysis and integrated modeling of climate change impacts on coastal groundwater and sanitary sewer infrastructure. Sustainable Cities and Society, 99, 104914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104914
Lange, A. M. Z., Fiedler, J. W., Merrifield, M. A., & Guza, R. T. (2023). UAV video-based estimates of nearshore bathymetry. Coastal Engineering, 185, 104375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2023.104375
Kim, L. N., Brodie, K. L., Cohn, N. T., Giddings, S. N., & Merrifield, M. (2023). Observations of beach change and runup, and the performance of empirical runup parameterizations during large storm events. Coastal Engineering, 184, 104357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2023.104357
Siegelman, M. N., Firing, E., Merrifield, M. A., Becker, J. M., & Musgrave, R. C. (2023). Near-Inertial Surface Currents around Islands. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 53(2), 433–455. https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-21-0310.1
Sangsefidi, Y., Bagheri, K., Davani, H., & Merrifield, M. (2023). Data analysis and integrated modeling of compound flooding impacts on coastal drainage infrastructure under a changing climate. Journal of Hydrology, 616, 128823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128823
Ludka, B. C., Young, A. P., Guza, R. T., O’Reilly, W. C., & Merrifield, M. A. (2023). Alongshore variability of a southern California beach, before and after nourishment. Coastal Engineering, 179, 104223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2022.104223
University of North Carolina Wilmington, Bresnahan, P., Briggs, E., Davis, B., Rodriguez, A., Edwards, L., Peach, C., Renner, N., Helling, H., & Merrifield, M. (2023). A Low-Cost, DIY Ultrasonic Water Level Sensor for Education, Citizen Science, and Research. Oceanography, 36(1). https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2023.101
Ray, R. D., Merrifield, M. A., & Woodworth, P. L. (2022). Wave setup at the Minamitorishima tide gauge. Journal of Oceanography. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-022-00659-0
Henderson, C. S., Fiedler, J. W., Merrifield, M. A., Guza, R. T., & Young, A. P. (2022). Phase resolving runup and overtopping field validation of SWASH. Coastal Engineering, 175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2022.104128
Lange, A. M. Z., Fiedler, J. W., Becker, J. M., Merrifield, M. A., & Guza, R. T. (2022). Estimating runup with limited bathymetry. Coastal Engineering, 172, 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2021.104055
Anderson, D. L., Ruggiero, P., Mendez, F. J., Barnard, P. L., Erikson, L. H., O’Neill, A. C., Merrifield, M., Rueda, A., Cagigal, L., & Marra, J. (2021). Projecting climate dependent coastal flood risk with a hybrid statistical dynamical model. Earths Future, 9(12), 24. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021ef002285
Eddebbar, Y. A., Subramanian, A. C., Whitt, D. B., Long, M. C., Verdy, A., Mazloff, M. R., & Merrifield, M. A. (2021). Seasonal modulation of dissolved oxygen in the equatorial Pacific by tropical instability vortices. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 126(11), e2021JC017567. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017567
Merrifield, M. A., Johnson, M., Guza, R. T., Fiedler, J. W., Young, A. P., Henderson, C. S., Lange, A. M. Z., O’Reilly, W. C., Ludka, B. C., Okihiro, M., Gallien, T., Pappas, K., Engeman, L., Behrens, J., & Terrill, E. (2021). An early warning system for wave-driven coastal flooding at Imperial Beach, CA. Natural Hazards, 22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04790-x
Long, X. Y., Widlansky, M. J., Spillman, C. M., Kumar, A., Balmaseda, M., Thompson, P. R., Chikamoto, Y., Smith, G. A., Huang, B. H., Shin, C. S., Merrifield, M. A., Sweet, W. V., Leuliette, E., Annamalai, H. S., Marra, J. J., & Mitchum, G. (2021). Seasonal forecasting skill of sea-level anomalies in a multi-model prediction framework. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 126(6). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jc017060
Thompson, P. R., Widlansky, M. J., Hamlington, B. D., Merrifield, M. A., Marra, J. J., Mitchum, G. T., & Sweet, W. (2021). Rapid increases and extreme months in projections of United States high-tide flooding. Nature Climate Change. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01077-8
Young, A. P., Guza, R. T., Matsumoto, H., Merrifield, M. A., O’Reilly, W. C., & Swirad, Z. M. (2021). Three years of weekly observations of coastal cliff erosion by waves and rainfall. Geomorphology, 375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107545
Cagigal, L., Rueda, A., Anderson, D., Ruggiero, P., Merrifield, M. A., Montano, J., Coco, G., & Mendez, F. J. (2020). A multivariate, stochastic, climate-based wave emulator for shoreline change modelling. Ocean Modelling, 154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2020.101695
Hamlington, B. D., Gardner, A. S., Ivins, E., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Reager, J. T., Trossman, D. S., Zaron, E. D., Adhikari, S., Arendt, A., Aschwanden, A., Beckley, B. D., Bekaert, D. P. S., Blewitt, G., Caron, L., Chambers, D. P., Chandanpurkar, H. A., Christianson, K., Csatho, B., Cullather, R. I., … Willis, M. J. (2020). Understanding of contemporary regional sea-level change and the implications for the future. Reviews of Geophysics, 58(3). https://doi.org/10.1029/2019rg000672
Fiedler, J. W., Young, A. P., Ludka, B. C., O’Reilly, W. C., Henderson, C., Merrifield, M. A., & Guza, R. T. (2020). Predicting site-specific storm wave run-up. Natural Hazards. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04178-3
Clark, S. J., Becker, J. M., Merrifield, M. A., & Behrens, J. (2020). The Influence of A Cross-Reef Channel On the Wave-Driven Setup and Circulation at Ipan, Guam. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 125(7). https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jc015722
Amador, A., Arzeno, I. B., Giddings, S. N., Merrifield, M. A., & Pawlak, G. (2020). Cross-shore structure of tidally-driven alongshore flow over rough bathymetry. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, n/a(n/a), e2020JC016264. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jc016264
Jacox, M. G., Alexander, M. A., Siedlecki, S., Chen, K., Kwon, Y. O., Brodie, S., Ortiz, I., Tommasi, D., Widlansky, M. J., Barrie, D., Capotondi, A., Cheng, W., Di Lorenzo, E., Edwards, C., Fiechter, J., Fratantoni, P., Hazen, E. L., Hermann, A. J., Kumar, A., … Rykaczewski, R. (2020). Seasonal-to-interannual prediction of North American coastal marine ecosystems: Forecast methods, mechanisms of predictability, and priority developments. Progress in Oceanography, 183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102307
Long, X. Y., Widlansky, M. J., Schloesser, F., Thompson, P. R., Annamalai, H., Merrifield, M. A., & Yoon, H. (2020). Higher sea levels at Hawaii caused by strong El Nino and weak trade winds. Journal of Climate, 33(8), 3037–3059. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0221.1
Yao, Y., Zhang, Q. M., Becker, J. M., & Merrifield, M. A. (2020). Boussinesq modeling of wave processes in field fringing reef environments. Applied Ocean Research, 95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2019.102025
Lundesgaard, O., Winsor, P., Truffer, M., Merrifield, M., Powell, B., Statscewich, H., Eidam, E., & Smith, C. R. (2020). Hydrography and energetics of a cold subpolar fjord: Andvord Bay, western Antarctic Peninsula. Progress in Oceanography, 181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102224
Andres, M., Siegelman, M., Hormann, V., Musgrave, R. C., Merrifield, S. T., Rudnick, D. L., Merrifield, M. A., Alford, M. H., Voet, G., Wijesekera, H. W., MacKinnon, J. A., Centurioni, L., Nash, J. D., & Terrill, E. J. (2019). Eddies, topography, and the abyssal flow by the Kyushu-Palau Ridge near Velasco Reef. Oceanography, 32(4), 46–55. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2019.410
Johnston, T. M. S., MacKinnon, J. A., Colin, P. L., Haley, P. J., Lermusiaux, P. F. J., Lucas, A. J., Merrifield, M. A., Merrifield, S. T., Mirabito, C., Nash, J. D., Ou, C. Y., Siegeiman, M., Terrill, E. J., & Waterhouse, A. F. (2019). Energy and momentum lost to wake eddies and lee waves generated by the north equatorial current and tidal flows at Peleliu, Palau. Oceanography, 32(4), 110–125. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2019.417
Siegelman, M., Merrifield, M. A., Firing, E., MacKinnon, J. A., Alford, M. H., Voet, G., Wijesekera, H. W., Schramek, T. A., Zeiden, K. L., & Terrill, E. J. (2019). Observations of near-inertial surface currents at Palau. Oceanography, 32(4), 74–83. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2019.413
Schramek, T. A., Cornuelle, B. D., Gopalakrishnan, G., Colin, P. L., Rowley, S. J., Merrifield, M. A., & Terrill, E. J. (2019). Tropical western Pacific thermal structure and its relationship to ocean surface variables: A numerical state estimate and forereef temperature records. Oceanography, 32(4), 156–163. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2019.421
Gove, J. M., Whitney, J. L., McManus, M. A., Lecky, J., Carvalho, F. C., Lynch, J. M., Li, J. W., Neubauer, P., Smith, K. A., Phipps, J. E., Kobayashi, D. R., Balagso, K. B., Contreras, E. A., Manuel, M. E., Merrifield, M. A., Polovina, J. J., Asner, G. P., Maynard, J. A., & Williams, G. J. (2019). Prey-size plastics are invading larval fish nurseries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(48), 24143–24149. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907496116
Woodworth, P. L., Melet, A., Marcos, M., Ray, R. D., Woppelmann, G., Sasaki, Y. N., Cirano, M., Hibbert, A., Huthnance, J. M., Monserrat, S., & Merrifield, M. A. (2019). Forcing factors affecting sea level changes at the coast. Surveys in Geophysics, 40(6), 1351–1397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-019-09531-1
Capotondi, A., Jacox, M., Bowler, C., Kavanaugh, M., Lehodey, P., Barrie, D., Brodie, S., Chaffron, S., Cheng, W., Dias, D. F., Eveillard, D., Guidi, L., Iudicone, D., Lovenduski, N. S., Nye, J. A., Ortiz, I., Pirhalla, D., Buil, M. P., Saba, V., … Pesant, S. (2019). Observational needs supporting marine ecosystems modeling and forecasting: From the global ocean to regional and coastal systems. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00623
Piecuch, C. G., Thompson, P. R., Ponte, R. M., Merrifield, M. A., & Hamlington, B. D. (2019). What caused recent shifts in tropical Pacific decadal sea-level trends? Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jc015339
Cazenave, A., Hamlington, B., Horwath, M., Barletta, V. R., Benveniste, J., Chambers, D., Doll, P., Hogg, A. E., Legeais, J. F., Merrifield, M., Meyssignac, B., Mitchum, G., Nerem, S., Pail, R., Palanisamy, H., Paul, F., von Schuckmann, K., & Thompson, P. (2019). Observational requirements for long-term monitoring of the global mean sea level and its components over the altimetry era. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00582
Ludka, B. C., Guza, R. T., O’Reilly, W. C., Merrifield, M. A., Flick, R. E., Bak, A. S., Hesser, T., Bucciarelli, R., Olfe, C., Woodward, B., Boyd, W., Smith, K., Okihiro, M., Grenzeback, R., Parry, L., & Boyd, G. (2019). Sixteen years of bathymetry and waves at San Diego beaches. Scientific Data, 6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0167-6
Ray, R. D., & Merrifield, M. A. (2019). The semiannual and 4.4-year modulations of extreme high tides. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 124(8), 5907–5922. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jc015061
Ponte, R. M., Carson, M., Cirano, M., Domingues, C. M., Jevrejeva, S., Marcos, M., Mitchum, G., van de Wal, R. S. W., Woodworth, P. L., Ablain, M., Ardhuin, F., Ballu, V., Becker, M., Benveniste, J., Birol, F., Bradshaw, E., Cazenave, A., De Mey-Fremaux, P., Durand, F., … Zhang, X. B. (2019). Towards comprehensive observing and modeling systems for monitoring and predicting regional to coastal sea level. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00437
MacKinnon, J. A., Alford, M. H., Voet, G., Zeiden, K., Johnston, T. M. S., Siegelman, M., Merrifield, S., & Merrifield, M. (2019). Eddy wake generation from broadband currents near Palau. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jc014945
Lundesgaard, O., Powell, B., Merrifield, M., Hahn-Woernle, L., & Winsor, P. (2019). Response of an Antarctic Peninsula fjord to summer katabatic wind events. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 49(6), 1485–1502. https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-18-0119.1
Thompson, P. R., Widlansky, M. J., Merrifield, M. A., Becker, J. M., & Marra, J. J. (2019). A statistical model for frequency of coastal flooding in Honolulu, Hawaii, during the 21st century. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 124(4), 2787–2802. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jc014741
Arzeno, I. B., Collignon, A., Merrifield, M., Giddings, S. N., & Pawlak, G. (2018). An alongshore momentum budget over a fringing tropical fore-reef. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 123(11), 7839–7855. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jc014238
Schramek, T. A., Colin, P. L., Merrifield, M. A., & Terrill, E. J. (2018). Depth-dependent thermal stress around corals in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 45(18), 9739–9747. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl078782
Cazenave, A., Meyssignac, B., Ablain, M., Balmaseda, M., Bamber, J., Barletta, V., Beckley, B., Benveniste, J., Berthier, E., Blazquez, A., Boyer, T., Caceres, D., Chambers, D., Champollion, N., Chao, B., Chen, J. L., Cheng, L. J., Church, J. A., Chuter, S., … Wcrp Global Sea Level Budget Grp. (2018). Global sea-level budget 1993-present. Earth System Science Data, 10(3), 1551–1590. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1551-2018